1. INFRA RED
BY PT JITENDRA

2. INFRA RED IR has no color, it is detected by warmth
IR is emitted from any heated body
Its wavelength is higher than visible light
IR has a wavelength of 760nm to 1mm

3. ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM
INITIAL
WAVES
WAVELENGTH R
RADIOWAVES
0.1 MM TO 100 KM I
INFRA RED
750 NM TO 0.4 MM V
VISIBLE LIGHT
400 NM TO 750 NM U
ULTRA VIOLET
10 NM TO 400 NM XG
X-RAY / GAMMA RAYS
0.01 PM TO 100 NM

4. IR CLASSIFICATION OF IR IR A IR C 760- 1400 NM 3000NM – 1MM IR B
THERAPEUTIC
IR C
3000NM – 1MM
NON THERAPEUTIC
IR B
1400 – 3000 NM
THERAPEUTIC

5. Heated material produce IR radiation
Higher temperature are associate with higher frequency, & shorter wavelength
TEMP α 1 / WAVELENGTH & TEMP α FREQUENCY
If short IR is to be produced material must not be burnt by higher temperature used.
Convenient method is to heat a resistance WIRE by passing an electric current through it
Electrical heater is made up of coil of suitable resistance WIRE , i.e. nickel- chromium alloy, wound on ceramic insulator

6. IR LAMPS
NON - LUMINOUS GENERATOR
LUMINOUS GENERATOR

7. NON LUMINOUS GENERATOR (i.e. coil heater)
IR source is a coil of WIRE wrapped around a cylindrical ceramic insulator
In this heaters WIRE glows red, thus giving some radiation in visible spectrum
Some IR lamps for therapy have WIRE embedded in insulation ceramic, ceramic is heated because of lamp which emits IR so that little or no visible radiation is emitted

8. Heater WIRE can also be mounted behind a metal plate or inside a metal tube which does not become hot spot but emits IR in same way
IR emitter is placed at focus of reflector to produce an uniform wave

9. If reflector is more spherical instead of convergence of beam, it will be diverge, this is usually adapted in clinic.
Reflector & emitter are mounted on a mobile metal stand which can be adjusted to alter height & angle of reflector or emitter.
When lamps are switched on they require time to warm up because of thermal inertia of mass of metal & insulating material that has to be heated

10. Small lamps may take about 5 min
Small lamps may take about 5 min. but large ones may take up to 15 min to reach maximum emission
Lamps with an exposed coil give off a red glow
although they are collectively designated as “ non-luminous” sources
With non-luminous Exposure is in Long IR wavelength range

11. LUMINOUS GENERATOR (i.e. bulb)
They consist of a tungsten filament in a large glass envelope which contains inert gas at low pressure.
Part of inside of glass bulb is silvered to provide a reflector
Works on same principle as a simple electric light bulb
Filament is heated to a high temperature around 3000 by a current passed through it

12. So gives out continuous spectrum in IR & visible region
Oxidation(burnt) does not occur because of no oxygen, only part of inert air
Radiation extends from SHORT IR to visible light to the UVR.
UVR is absorbed in glass
Luminous generators are sometimes called RADIANT HEAT as they emit both IR & visible light

13. POWER SMALL LAMPS (BOTH) 250-500 WATT LARGE, NON LUMINOUS 750-1000 W
LARGE , LUMINOUS W
Larger lamps are used to treat extensive area , but same effect can be achieved by placing small three lamps in a row

14. EMISSION NON LUMINOUS 3000 – 4000 NM (LONG IR ) LUMINOUS SHORT IR
5% VISIBLE
1% UVR

15. PENETRATION & ABSORBTION
IT DEPENDS UPON:
STRUCTURE
VASCULARITY
PIGMENTATION OF SKIN
WAVELENGTH OF RADIATION

16. DEPTH OF PENETRATION
Depth of penetration: it is depth at which approximately 63% of radiation energy has been absorbed & 37% remains
3000 nm depth of penetration is 0.1mm
Increasing penetration with decreasing wavelength in short IR to a maximum penetration depth of 3 mm at 1000 nm

18. Technique of application
Patient
POSITION : SUITABLE, WELL SUPPORTED, WITH AREA TO BE TREATED EXPOSED.
EXPLANATION : EXPLAIN NATURE AND EFFECT OF TREATMENT TO PATIENT
EXAMINATION AND TESTING : EXAMINE THE SKIN TO BE TREATED AND TEST THERMAL SENSATION.

19. APPARATUS :
IF A NON – LUMINOUS LAMP IS CHOOSEN SWITCH IT 5 MIN BEFORE TREATMENT STARTS TO ALLOW A TIME TO WARM UP
LUMINOUS LAMP DOES NOT REQUIRE WARM UP TIME.

20. SETTING UP EXPOSE THE SKIN TO BE TREATED
COVER EYE, A TOWEL IS SUFFICIENT
POSITION LAMP IN SUCH A WAY THAT RAYS STRIKE AT 90 DEREE TO SKIN
SET LAMP AT CMS FOR LARGE LAMP (750 TO 1000 WATTS)
SET LAMP AT CMS FOR SMALL LAMP

21. INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNING
ADWISE PATIENT OF REQUIRED LEVEL OF HEAT AND IT MUST NOT BE HOT AS IT BURN.
ASK PATIENT NOT TO TOUCH ANY PART OF LAMP OR TO MOVE DURING TREATMENT
ALERT THERAPIST IF IT IS MORE THAN COMFORTABLE LEVEL OF HEATING.

22. APPLICATION INTENSITY IN MOST IR LAMP IS CONTROLLED BY DISTANCE.
DOUBLING THE LAMP TO SKIN DISTANCE REDUCE THE INTENSITY (WCM-2) TO ONE QUARTER
TRIPLING THE LAMP TO SKIN DISTANCE REDUCE THE INSTENSITY TO ONE NINTH

23. TERMINATION AT THE END OF TREATMENT SKIN SHOULD BE CHECKED
ON PALPATION IT LOOKS MILD OR MODERATELY WARM
MODERATE ERYTHEMA SHOULD BE VISIBLE.
ERYTHEMA TENDS TO VARY WITH SKIN COLOR, NOT JUST TEMPERATURE.

24. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT
PHYSIOLOGICAL VASODILATATION
SWEATING
SENSATION
INCREASE IN METABOLISM
NEUROLOGICAL RELAXATION
DECREASE MUSCLE TONE
DECREASE OEDEMA
DECREASE MUSCLE SPASM
ANALGESIA

25. PHYSIOLOGICAL VASODILATATION
Local cutaneous vasodilatation
due to liberation of chemical vasodilators, histamine & similar substances
Vasodilatation starts after latent period of
1-2min, it is mainly because of arteriolar vasodilatation

26. With IR regular patchy appearance
Local Erythema may last up to 30 min after IR radiation has stopped
CHRONIC CHANGES
Destruction of erythrocyte, releasing pigments & causing brown discoloration of skin

27. THERAPEUTIC USES OF IR PAIN RELIEF REDUCTION OF MUSCLE SPASM
ACCELERATION OF HEALING & REPAIR
PROMOTE TISSUE EXTENSIBILITY
REDUCE JOINT STIFFNESS
TO REDUCE OEDEMA
TO PROMOTE SWEATING
AS ANTIDOTE TO UVR

28. CHOICE OF LUMINOUS & NON LUMINOUS LAMP
Electrically heated wire embedded in ceramic and backed by reflector
Gives only IR
Produce long IR ( nm)
Superficial heating
LUMINOUS HEAT LAMP
Electrically heated filament in an evacuated glass bulb, with silver inner surface
Gives IR + visible rays
Produce Short IR (1000nm)
Deep heating compare to non luminous

29. LUMINOUS HEAT LAMP
Penetrates more compare to non luminous
More efficient tissue heating
Therapeutic effect is mostly due to heating
NON LUMINOUS LAMP
Does not penetrate more deeply
Mostly absorbed in skin
Therapeutic effect is
mostly due to sensory heating

30. DANGERS BURNS Risk of burns can be reduced by:
Testing patient’s ability to differentiate heat levels
Ensure sufficient distance of lamp from the skin
Adequate warning to patient
Checking effect of skin during treatment PT can feel skin or place hand under lamp
Metals should be removed

31. REDUCE OR ALTER PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW
Increased local flow during heating during heating must be sufficient enough to dissipate heat
Arterial disease atherosclerosis, arterial injury or skin grafting is not treated with IR
After IR radiation, & following radiotherapy pt should not be treated with IR

32. INFECTION
Do not apply heat over local infection
TUMOR
With heating tumor cell grow more
SKIN INFLAMMATORY CONDITION
Skin condition become more worst after applying IR

33. EYE DAMAGE
Prolonged & extensive exposure to IR leads to Cataracts
E.g. in workers of glass factory or furnace men

34. contraindication Defective cutaneous circulation Acute skin disease
Impaired sensation
Analgesic & narcotic drug (it raises pain threshold)
Blood pressure abnormality
Severe cardiac condition
Following radiotherapy
Superficial infections
Tumor
Metal in treatment area

35. TECHNIQUE OF APPLICATION OF IR
Patient Apparatus Setting up Instruction & warning application

36. patient Position: suitable, well supported Expose area to be treated
Explanation: explain nature & effect of treatment to pt
Examination & testing: examine skin to be treated , rule out for contraindication,& test thermal sensation

37. apparatus
If non luminous lamp is chosen , switch it for at least 5 min before treatment to allow time for it to warm up & reach its maximum emission
Luminous lamp does not require any warm up

38. Setting up Expose skin Cover eye
Place lamp in such a way that radiation strikes at right angle
Set a lamp at appropriate distance
60-75 cm for large 750 or 1000 w
45-50 cm for smaller ones

39. Instruction & warnings
Heat should be of require level
It must not be hot to make burn
Pt should not touch any part of lamp

40. application
Intensity of most IR lamp is controlled by distance of lamp from skin
Inverse square law
Doubling the distance reduces intensity by one quarter
Tripling distance reduces intensity to one ninth part

41. Adjacent area can be protected from heating by placing towel.
Therapist should check level of heating on completion of set up & again after 5-8 min
If require reduce intensity of lamp by increasing distance of lamp from skin
DURATION OF TREATMENT
10-15 min
REMEMBER THAT IR IS A PART OF TREATMENT NOT TREATMENT ITSELF

42. THANK YOU