1. Infrared Radiation, Microwave, Ultraviolet Radiation.

2. Infrared
Infrared lamps emits electromagnetic radiation within frequency range  heat absorbed by the matter.
IR is emitted by many sources (e.g. the sun).

3. Physical Characteristics
IR radiation has wave length of 770 nm to 1 mm.
Part of EM spectrum lying between visible light and microwave.
Divided into 3 bands:
1- IR-A: 770 to 1400 nm
2- IR-B: 1400 to 3000 nm
3- IR-C: 3000 to 106

4. Types of IR radiation (Used clinically)
Luminous (visible)
Non luminous (invisible)
IR lamps available emit radiation of wave length 780 and 1500 nm.

5. Physical Behavior of IRR:
Reflected
Absorbed
Transmitted
Refracted
Diffracted

6. Physiological Effects of IRR:
Metabolic effect:
Increases metabolic activity.
Circular effect:
Increases blood flow superficially.
Neurological effects:
Increases nerve conduction velocity.
Cellular effects:
Increases elastic fibers in upper dermis.
Increases ground substance.
Alters composition of amino acid proteins.

7. Clinical (Therapeutic) Effects of IRR:
Pain
Muscle spasm
Joint stiffness
Tissue healing
Circulation
Edema
Skin lesion
Others: before stretching, mobilization, traction, massage, exercises, E.S. , bile pigments.

8. Modes of Heat Transfer Dosage
Radiation (lamp to body)
Convection and conduction ( through the body)
Dosage
Sensory report of the patient
ِAdjusted by:
Changing power output of the lamp
Distance of lamp
Angle of incidence

9. Time of Application
10 – 20 minutes.

10. Microwave E.M.R. between the radio waves and infrared.
Wavelength between 1 m and 1 cm.
Frequency between 30MHz – 30GHz.
Available since 1930
Effective method of heating (highly vascular tissue)

11. Production of M.W. High frequency oscillating current.
Magnetron to generate oscillating currents directly from high velocity electron motion.
Coaxial cable.
Antenna (emitter).
Intensity control.
Meter mean of switching.
Can be continuous or pulsed.

12. Ultraviolet Radiations
Physical properties of U.V. radiations:
Electromagnetic radiations.
Frequency 7.5x1014 to over 1015.
Wavelength 400nm to below 290nm.
Lies between x-ray and visible light.
Divided into three bands, A, B and C band.
A and B bands reach the earth, whereas C band is filtered by the ozone layer
Produce physiological effect by non thermal mechanism

13. Most significant source of U.V. is the sun.
Obeys inverse square and cosine law.
Intensity is proportional to the power of lamp output.
Deepest penetration with high intensity, long wavelength and lower frequency.
U.V.A penetrate farthest
U.V.B and U.V.C are less deep.
Less deep penetration if skin is thick or dark.

14. Physiological Effects of U.V.R
1- Erythema production:
Redness.
Depends on the amount of U.V.
Types of erythema.
High dose  destructive.

15. Delayed pigmentation of the skin
2- Tanning:
Delayed pigmentation of the skin
Caused by:
Increase production and upward migration of melanin granules
Oxidation of premelanin in the skin
Protective response of the body

16. 3- Epidermal hyperplasia
Thickening of the superficial layer of skin.
72 hours after exposure.
Persists for several weeks.
Protective mechanism.
4- Vitamin D Synthesis
Conversion of provitamin D to vitamin D.
5- Other Effects
Bactericidal effect.

17. Erythemal Respons Suberythemal dose (SED) :
No change in 24h after exposure.
Minimal erythema dose (MED) :
Smallest dose  erythema (8h)
Dissapears within 24 hours

18. First-degree erythema (E1) :
Definite redness with mild desquamation.
Appears within 6 hours.
Lasts for 1 – 3 days
About 2.5 times MED
Second degree erythema (E2)
Intense erythema with edema, peeling and pigmentation.
Appears within 2 hours or less.
Like severe sun burn.
About 5 times MED.

19. Third degree erythema (E3) :
Erythema with severe blistering, peeling and exudation.
Dose about 10 times MED

20. Clinical Indications for U.V. radiation
Skin disorder
Psoriasis and other dermatological conditions
Non pulmonary T.B.
Healing wounds

21. Application Technique
Determine patient’s sensitivity to U.V radiation
Use the same lamp
Dose response assessment
Graded according to individual’s erythemal response

22. The End
 Good Luck To You All 