Your Course Tutor is Tony Balaam Sustainability Consultant

Your Course Tutor is Tony Balaam Sustainability Consultant
Welcome ENERGY Performance CERTIFICATE (EPCs) & RECOMMENDATION report LEVEL 4 Your Course Tutor is Tony Balaam Sustainability Consultant Opening slide Good morning, my name is on the slide and I am your course Practitioner for the Level ‘4’ EPC certificate and Recommendation Report course.

Introduction Please provide the following:
Attendees: Please provide the following: Your name, affiliation/ job you undertake. History that may be of relevance to the course? Any previous experience with Energy Performance Certificates and Recommendation reports. Any previous experience in energy assessments or audits. This is where I find out who my attendees are and what experience they hold

Introduction Proceedings of the Course:
If you have a question – please ask Flexibility – in addition to the core materials we will respond to your interests and queries. Participating in the use of the Department of Community and Local Government (DCLG) software is essential (Workshop). Workshop will assist you in the production of your certificates and recommendation reports that you will require to qualify The day is for you to gather as much information you need to undertake the production of ‘EPCs’ and ‘Recommendation report’. Also, to give guidance only on how to obtain necessary information for your ABBE Level 4 Course examination but also for those attendees who are going through the APEL route.

Introduction STROMA Accreditation Ltd. Founded in November 2007.
Providing Training and Accreditation. Code for Sustainable Homes. Air Permeability. EPC Domestic, Commercial & Public Buildings. New Build & Existing. Sister company to Stroma Technology Ltd, a testing and consultancy company within the building industry, founded in 2002. Now we are called ‘STROMA CERTIFICATION’ This Slide shows the structure of the company in two of the five areas of the organisation and the one we are concerned about is STROMA ACCREDITATION Ltd.

Energy Assessor Training
Level 4 Energy Assessor Training 1.0 - Producing EPCs for New Buildings Presentation 1, please open your packs and get out the following presentation A building as three key areas of concern with reference to producing the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) The building Envelope The building’s services and :- The operation of the building The EPC only needs two of them and these are 1&2, the third is actually used by the Display Energy Certificate only It is very important we get the first two items correct because our name is against the production and issue of the EPC. Therefore total care should be adopted and make sure you cross reference everything and keep a record so that if you are audited then there is an audit trail to verify your data and assumptions.

Question – are you ready?
This slide shows us how the Government want us to be ready or even better our clients, by the end of the two day course you will be ready to undertake the task the Government as set us, ok. Also, what do you expect from this course or what have you perceived with the information you have got from STROMA?

LEVEL 4 ENERGY ASSESSOR TRAINING
9 10 11 12 15 13 14 16 17 2 Please get your copy of the certificate I have enclosed in your pack. Lets us look at the certificate and notice key elements like The Bench mark - for the type of property Methodology - national calculation method Context – is the Whole building Main Heating fuel – gas Calculation tool –iSBEM version? Type of services – Air Conditioning Rating ‘A’ – Building regulations 2006 legal standards ‘B’ Rating ‘B’ – Average performance of office building ‘D’ Recommendations for improving the property are contained in – Report Title? – Reference No?– Date? Building Details – Address? – Ground floor area –? Certificate No? Expiry Date? Issued by? Company? Accredited by? Registration No? – Date of registration? Related party disclosure? 1 3 7 4 8 6 5

Level ‘4’ Energy Assessors 1.0 Definitions and Limitations of a Level ‘4’ Assessor 2.0 Legislation and requirements of EPCs for Level ‘4’ Buildings 3.0 Producing EPCs for New Buildings Understanding Building Regulations ADL2A Defining and Calculating BER and TER Gathering of information for new build EPCs Interpreting Construction Drawings and information gathering Factors relevant to determining ‘Energy Performance’ of New Build 4.0 Differences in data input for New Buildings (iSBEM) 5.0 Calculating U-Values The course covers two days, the first day will be going through several foundation elements that ABBE needs you to cover. The second day will be finishing off the foundation elements and then two exercises to do on your own to put the foundation elements into practice. At the end of the first day I will also provide a small test paper for you to have a go. Its just a bit of light heartedness so that we can see you are thinking in the correct way. 8

This is a flow diagram showing use the different situations on whether we need EPC or not. It’s a quite and quickly comes up with a answer to specific quests you will receive from Clients.

1.0 Definitions and Limitations of a Level 4 Assessor The criteria for the ‘Level 4 course’ is for sites or buildings above 100 kW for heating plant and 12 kW for Air Conditioning plant. You should have achieved ‘ABBE Level 3’ through either the examination route or shown competency through the ‘APEL route’ or equivalent The topics to be covered in your ‘Level 4 course’ are detailed in handout 1 It also shows you the topics you should have covered on your ‘Level 3’ syllabus ‘Level 4’ requires you to undertake 300 Guided learning hours of reading, as in Level 3, but expanding on the topics identified in syllabus 4. These two days are about giving you guidance on what to look for in your reading material and information but also what to look for on site when you are undertaking data gathering to produce the EPC. It is not about passing an examination, ok. We don’t get to see the questions set by ABBE or their supporting organisation who may set the questions. We only hear about the level of questions asked but we can give some guidance on how to look at the question and the 4 answers given. One we know is the correct answer but you should be able to eliminate two easily and then choose from the remaining two, ok.

This slide and the next tries to provide a clear definition on the two level of assessors and the building capacities they assess to complete the required EPCs.

As we can see Level 4 assessors do have a more complex system which includes either individual or centralised control systems that have either weather compensation, boiler sequence, optimum stop/start, zone control, terminal control with individual time zones.

ABBE Level 4 Diploma in Non Domestic Energy Assessment National Occupational Standard Units 1, 2, 5 & 6 ABBE Examination minutes - 40 questions Portfolio of Evidence - Including 3 EPC’s Industrial unit – Day 4 of Level 3 Simulation offices Your own finding Unit 1 - Work in a safe, effective and professional manner Element 1.1 Contribute to the maintenance of health, safety and security at work. Element 1.2 Develop and maintain effective working relationships Element 1.3 Conduct work in a professional and ethical manner Unit 2 - prepare for energy assessments of non-dwellings to produce EPC’s or DECs Element 2.1 Agree and confirm instructions to undertake energy assessment Element 2.2 Investigate relevant matters relating to the property Unit 3 - Assess the energy performance of new build non dwellings prior to first occupancy using the Simplified Building Energy Model (SBEM) Element 3.1 Conduct energy assessment of new build non dwellings Element 3.2 Produce Energy performance Certificates Unit 6 - Undertake energy inspections of existing non dwellings using the Simplified Building Energy Model (SBEM) Element 6.1 Inspect existing non dwellings to determine energy performance Element 6.2 Produce Energy Performance Certificate

Unit Title Notional hours(glh) 1 Work in a safe, effective and professional manner 60 Guided learning hrs 2 Prepare for energy assessments of non-dwellings to produce EPC’s 3 Assess the energy performance of new build non-dwellings prior to first occupancy using the Simplified Building Energy model (SBEM) 90 Guided learning hrs 6 Undertake energy inspections of existing non-dwellings using the SBEM 90 Guided learning hrs (including the 5 hours) This slide gives a breakdown of the time you should spend on the 4 areas of study. ABBE book gives you more guidance and I would recommend you get a copy from ABBE.

What questions will be in the exam ?
Currently the format of the ABBE exam is as follows: 2 - questions on building construction (property age and type – recognition and importance) 8 - questions on building construction ( Building elements) 6 - questions on Building services (Natural, mechanical ventilation and air conditioning) 6 - questions on building services (other mechanical and electrical services) 8 - questions on energy efficiency (including low and zero carbon technologies) 10 - questions on Building Regulations ( requirements for new build) This slide shows us what areas you have to concentrate your studying and which areas of the syllabus for level 4 exam.

2.0 Legislation and requirements of EPCs for Level 4 Buildings Timeline remains unchanged; EPCs required on construction, sale or rent of buildings; Over 10,000m2 Over 2,500m2 All remaining buildings EPCs for New Buildings contain exactly the same information as for existing buildings EPCs for New Buildings must have been completed by an Accredited, ‘Level 4 Energy Assessor’ ‘Recommendation Report’ still required for New Buildings EPC for New Build should always be slightly better or equal to the ‘If newly built’ rating on the EPC, which is the benchmark required to achieve Part ‘L’ Compliance – 6th April 2008 – Now Passed – 1st July 2008 – Now Passed – 1st October 2008 The first element is the legislation and how it is used to pull together the information needed to produce the ‘Energy Performance Certificate’ (EPC). The software the course covers is the iSBEM but we know there are others around which have been approved like TAS, IES, HEVACOMP, DSM and others. All have their own way of handling the data and production of the certificate. Also read the slide to the attendees and hold up the regulations and other books 18

Level 4 CO2 Reduction Targets

3.0 Producing EPCs for New Buildings EPCs for new buildings are required on construction Likely enforced by ‘Building Control body’ as a requirement for handover Must be provided to the ‘building owner’, most likely through the main contractor Part ADL2A Compliance Calculations are required at ‘As-Designed’ and ‘As-Built’ stages EPC result should reflect the same result as the ‘As-Built’ compliance calculation We all know that changes take place between the design stage and construction phase. This is due to changes through construction problems or the Architect as found a different material or system he or she wants to incorporate into the building. These changes need to be logged and if required added to the EPC software to make sure there is no step backwards in performance of the built building but a like for like change or improvement. Also read the slide to the attendees 21

Using the Approved document ‘ADL2A’ The Approved Documents are intended to provide guidance for common building situations. As they only provide guidance, there may be alternative ways of achieving compliance . Therefore there is no obligation to adopt any particular solution within the Approved Document. Any changes adopted as to be equal or better than the standard set in the guidance. If in doubt then check with the professional bodies like CIBSE, BSI, BRE, BISRA, RICS, RIBA or the manufacture, to make sure the system or material has been approved. This could also mean going through the European standards for clarity and confirmation. Also show ADL2A and ADL2B books 22

Using the Approved document ‘ADL2A’ Frequently the Approved Document will make reference to second tier documents and British standards like:- ATTMA TS1 (Air permeability measurement). Non Domestic Heating Cooling and Ventilation Compliance guide. Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources: Strategic Guide. CIBSE TM31 (Building Log Books) . All these books are available through their prospective authors or can be gained from those institutions like CIBSE, DCLG, BISRA, BRE, the industry professional book libraries like Barbour? Show the attendees each book 23

Reasonable provision shall be made for the conservation of fuel and power in buildings by: Limiting heat gains and losses: Through thermal elements and other parts of the building fabric; and From pipes, ducts and vessels used for space heating, space cooling and hot water service Providing and commissioning energy efficient fixed building services with effective controls: Providing to the owner sufficient information about the building, the fixed building services and their maintenance requirements so that the building can be operated in such a manner as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances. New legislation is steering us to develop new design concepts and also go back many years to bring back old methods because they were sound ideas to provide comfort conditions without mechanical or electrical means to provide them. What I am talking about is natural ventilation rather than mechanical means. Also using concepts like the Swedish use to give a low energy building and thereby reduce the carbon impact on the external environment. Commissioning is one area the Industry leaves to the last and is undertaken in the worst conditions to test heating plant, cooling plant or the function of the controls. If we get it wrong then the building never operates to what the designer intended. The building owner never receives a building what he asked for and we are for ever making changes to make the system work in a fashion. The key for the last item is the Building Log Book. This is a statute requirement since 2002 Building regulations and CIBSE have produced the software and templates for the three different sizes of buildings. Show the attendees the sample and explain its function 24

Understanding Building Regulations ‘ADL2A’ Building design standards are set out in UK Building Regulations Approved Document ADL2A governs the ‘Conservation of Fuel and Power in New Buildings other than Dwellings’ Calculation of CO2 emissions form part of compliance Compliance with ADL2A is set out by 5 criteria; Criterion 1: Achieving an acceptable Building CO2 Emission Rate (BER) Criterion 2: Limits on Design Flexibility Criterion 3: Limiting the effects of Solar Gain in Summer Criterion 4: Quality of Construction and Commissioning Criterion 5: Providing Information Criterion - The next few slides will cover the 1 TO 3 criterion in more detail 25

Criterion 1: Achieving an Acceptable ‘BER’ BER is calculated using ‘SBEM’ or ‘DSM’ software Same approach as producing EPCs – Different output Building CO2 Emission Rate (BER) calculated Target CO2 Emission Rate (TER) calculated Achieve compliance with Criterion 1 if ‘BER’ is less than ‘TER’ Criterion 2: Limits on Design Flexibility Limits on building fabric U-values (Set out in Table 4) Walls 0.35 W/m2K, Roof 0.25 W/m2K, Glazing 2.2 W/m2K etc Limits on Building Services design Specific fan power, heating and cooling plant seasonal efficiencies, controls, energy meters, insulation, lighting etc Criterion 1 – BER, is about setting a building ‘Building CO2 emission rating’? This is set by first setting the ‘Notional level’ which is actually the 2002 building standards. The next step is to set the TER, Target CO2 emission rating , this falls into two categories, heating by conventional means or air conditioning. Heating is normally set at 23% and Air conditioning is 28%. These levels are produced from a formulae covered later. You will only get compliance if the BER is equal or less than the TER. Building Control will be look for this in your documentation and calculation sheets when provided for validation. Criterion 2 – is about setting the thermal performance of the building through setting minimum standard U values. But we have to remember we are taking about the weighted average and not the individual. Individual is important but you have the capability to trade off. The second element is the performance of your plant through is its power output, efficiency, seasonal efficiency, controllability, metering and the use of natural lighting against artificial lighting needs to be considered and used effectively 26

Criterion 3: Limiting the effects of Solar Gain in Summer For occupied spaces not served by air conditioning systems provisions should be made to limit solar gains to reduce internal temperatures in summer Reasonable provision to show for all occupied spaces without air conditioning that; when subject to solar irradiances for July, combined solar and internal gains, averaged over the period 0630 to 1630, is no greater than 35 W/m2 The operative temperature in the conditioned space does not exceed a threshold temperature for more than a reasonable number of hours per year. (Schools and offices - 28 deg.C at 1% of the occupied hours) Limiting of solar gains can be achieved by appropriate combination of window sizing and orientation, solar protection through shading and other solar control measures and using thermal capacity coupled with night ventilation Supporting data and guidance for calculation (a.) can be found in; [1] TM37 Design for Improved Solar Shading Control, CIBSE, 2006 Criterion 3 – is about reducing the solar and internal gains over the summer months. This can be achieved by firstly looking for natural means through natural ventilation, building orientation, building design shape and size of windows. The other way is to include Air conditioning to provide a workable environmental comfort level. These methods are now controlled by a setting an energy level which can be equal to or less than 35 W/m2. They have also included a time interval over the day when this condition as to be controlled and maintained. 27

Limiting of solar gains

Limiting the effects of solar gains in summer Limiting solar gains for all occupied spaces is required under ADL2A, spaces excluded from this criterion are: Unoccupied atria, used to drive natural ventilation. Spaces adjacent to display glazing not served by air conditioning. Stacks. Again the regulations makes reference to individual elements like the list stated above. These will assist in limiting the effects of solar gains 29

Areas covered by the Approved document The construction of new buildings other than dwellings Fit out works ( May come under ADL2B) Non dwelling extensions with a Total Useful Floor Area over 100m2 and greater than 25% of the existing buildings total useful floor area. In the context of buildings containing both dwellings and communal areas the communal areas will come under ADL2A, as the dwellings will be assessed on an individual basis under ADL1A. Modular buildings/ temporary buildings require assessing under ADL2A, if they are designed to be in use for more than two years. Other areas to be consider are : go through the list 30

The Few Exemptions from Part ‘L’ Industrial buildings of low energy requirements for space heating such as foundries, forging and hot processes, furthermore low energy agricultural buildings are exempt from Part L Places of Worship Stand-alone buildings with a total useful floor area of less than <50 sq.m that are not dwellings. Temporary Buildings designed with a useful life of less than 2 years EPCs are not required on sale or rent for buildings due to be demolished. There are very few exemptions and these are listed on this slide 31

LEVEL 4 ENERGY ASSESSOR TRAINING Design Limits for Envelope standards
– Limiting U Value Standards This shows the weighted average of each element and its individual limiting U values. As we can see if we had one wall at 0.7 then the remaining walls would be to be less than 0.35 to give us an area weighted average u-value of equal to and less than This also applies to other elements of the building structure. You will see there are elements which have a value of 6.0 in both columns, this is due to the high usage. Display windows and similar glazing are not required to meet the standard given in this table. 32

Calculation of the ‘TER’ – Deriving the Notional Building A figure must be calculated for the CO2 emissions for the notional building (Cnotional): For the purposes of ‘ADL2A’ the ‘Notional Building’, must; Be the same size and shape as the actual building: and Comply with the energy performance values set out in the detailed definition of the notional building as set out in the SBEM in respect of both the building fabric and the fixed building services. Have the same area of vehicle access doors and display windows as the actual building; and Exclude any service that is not a fixed building service Have the same activity areas and classes of building services as in the actual building, all selected from the pre defined list incorporated into SBEM. Be subject to the occupancy times and environmental conditions defined by activity. Be subject to the climate defined by the CIBSE Test Reference Year for the site that is most appropriate to the location of the actual building: and Assume mains gas as the heating fuel where it is to be used in the actual building, but otherwise assume oil. Assume grid mains electricity will be used as the energy source for all other building services. Use the CO2 emission factors for each given fuel type. Assume the most energy intensive fit-out specifications will be adopted throughout where a building is proposed for approval. This slide gives the guidance of the notional building and its requirements – read each one. 33

Defining and Calculating ‘BER’ and ‘TER’ Building Emission Rate (BER) is calculated as the annual CO2 emission rate, in kg.CO2/m2, for the building as constructed Software generates a ‘Notional Building’ of same size, shape, orientation and activity type, with design limits applied for U-values and building services and calculates the emission rate for the notional building, Cnotional Target Emission Rate (TER) is calculated from; TER = Cnotional x (1 – IF) x (1 – LZC Benchmark), where; ‘IF’ is the Improvement Factor (0.15 for buildings with natural ventilation, 0.2 for buildings with mechanical ventilation or air conditioning); and ‘LZC’ Benchmark is 0.1 for all new buildings If we look at a building with normal heating and natural ventilation then the calculation will give us (1-0.15) *(1-0.1) = (0.85)*(0.9) = This gives us that the TER has to be 23% less than the notional building figure? If we now look at an Air conditioning building then the figure would be ( )*(1-0.1) = (0.8)*(0.9) = This gives us that the TER has to be 28% less than the notional building figure? 34

STROMA Certification 23% TER This slide shows how the Notional, TER and BER works on an Air Conditioned new build building

Air Permeability and pressure testing requirements Requirements under ADL2A 2006: All buildings that are not dwellings, (including extensions being treated as new build under part L) require pressure testing. Only buildings with a floor area below 500m2 can be exempt from pressure testing if a result of 15 can be adopted when calculating the BER. The normal figure for new build is 10 Pa. But we should try and design better than this especially for buildings with mechanical ventilation and Air Conditioning. 36

Air Permeability and pressure testing requirements Pressure testing was first mentioned in the ADL1A 2002: Requirement for Buildings with a floor area over 1,000m2 to be pressure tested and achieve a result of Nothing to add because the standard has been retained but when we look at the European standard of 5 and less. Sweden is around 3 and therefore we are well behind. 37

Gathering information for New Build EPCs Information required is essentially the same as for existing buildings Whereas assumptions are acceptable for EPCs on existing buildings where information cannot be gathered due to age of installations, no such assumptions should be made for new buildings Information should be provided by members of the design team, notably; Architect – Floor Plan, Section and Elevation Drawings and U-values M&E Consultant (or M&E Contractor for Design & Build projects) – M&E installation drawings, plant technical data, lighting layouts etc Main Contractor – Air leakage test result, may often pull information together Where information is provided, ensure that it is ‘As-Built’ or ‘As-Installed’ issue. Design stage information is not acceptable for EPCs. It is acceptable to complete EPC without visiting site for New Build, however you should do all you can to ensure the information provided is accurate Read this slide because it is self explaining 38

Interpreting Drawings - General Types of Drawings; General Arrangement (GA) Floor Plans Cross Sections Elevations Detailed Sections Setting Out Drawings Site Plan Layouts Drawing Issue Sheets; List of drawings issued, including drawing no, title and revision Best way to ensure that you are working with the latest revision Read the slide because it is self explaining 39

Interpreting Drawings - General Drawing Title Blocks Name and contact details of company Project and Developer name Drawing title and number Date of first issue Revision letter Revision description & date Scale Drawing Status Tender Construction As Built/As Installed 6 8 1 Read the slide because again the slide provides the necessary information to the candidate 2 7 4 3 5 40

Interpreting Drawings - Architectural Drawing Standard BS 1192:2007 provides standards for architectural, engineering and construction information Dimension Lines When working from hard copy drawings, dimensions are the best way of ensuring accuracy of measurement When reading dimensions check whether they are to internal or external surface Fixed Floor Levels May be in absolute figure above sea level Refers to top of floor slab for each floor Section Markers Show line on plan through which section is taken, and direction of view Read the slide because again the slide provides the necessary information to the course attendees 41

Interpreting Drawings - Architectural Glazing, Doors and Section Markers Window opening window External Door c/w Glazing Typical Section through window Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate Typical Elevation Double Door Revolving Door Section Markers 42

Interpreting Drawings – Building Services Electrical Services Only internal lighting layouts generally applicable, small power, fire & security alarm, external lighting, distribution schematics not important Request Legend of Symbols for lighting if not shown on layout Ignore dedicated emergency escape lighting Method of switching important Manual, occupancy detection, photoelectric switching etc Arrow from lighting circuit will denote where light is switched from If building is heated using electric heating, this may be shown on either the Mechanical or Electrical Services layouts so be vigilant Cross reference drawings with specification if unsure of anything Useful Symbols Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate. Also show the BISRA books Occupancy sensing when linked to lighting circuit PhotoCell Examples of Manual Switching. 43

Interpreting Drawings – Building Services Mechanical Services Refer to Heating, Cooling/Air Conditioning, Ventilation, Hot & Cold Water Services and Plant Room layout drawings Request mechanical equipment schedule if not shown on layouts Ignore above ground drainage layouts if provided If multiple systems for DHW, attempt to assign demand appropriately to each space. In General, office demand should be applied to toilet over a local tea making area If building is heated using electric heating, this may be shown on either the Mechanical or Electrical Services layouts so be vigilant Cross reference drawings with specification if unsure of anything Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate. Also show the BISRA Books 44

Determining Energy Performance of New Buildings Factors relevant to Energy Performance Building fabric U-values HVAC system, its efficiency and fuel source Air Tightness Area and orientation of glazing Lighting efficiency and controls Metering and warning of ‘out of range’ values Factors not deemed to affect Energy Performance External or Emergency Lighting Small power and process energy use Location and activity of building Cold Water Services – grey water saving etc Temporary services such as plug in electric heaters or cooling units Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) or backup generators Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate 45

Fuel Sources and their effects Predominant fuel sources for heating systems are; Natural Gas Oil Grid Supplies Electricity CO2 Emission Factors for each fuel types in Table 2 of ADL2A LZC Fuel Sources would be considered as; Biomass Biogas Where electricity is generated on site by PV Panels, Wind generation, CHP etc, the energy produced, and the associated CO2 is offset Grid Displaced Electricity – kgCO2/kWh – kgCO2/kWh – kgCO2/kWh – kgCO2/kWh – kgCO2/kWh This slide shows the current conversion factors for the different fuels we use in our buildings. The national grid displaced value is an average is different and we can see it is different to the grid supply value. It is believe it is the true value of electricity generated at source, i.e. the power station. – kgCO2/kWh 46

Assumptions made in determining Energy Performance For New Build very few assumptions should be made as design information will be available and should be provided to you on request Actual Air Tightness test results must be applied Selecting U-Values by inference or from the library should not be required or accepted, unless it can be proven that it is appropriate Select nearest weather location, preferably on ‘latitude’. Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate 47

4.0 Differences in data input for New Buildings (iSBEM) There are no real differences in the data input for new buildings rather than existing buildings other than fewer assumptions should be made Main additional consideration is UPRN from Landmark New Buildings unlikely to have information available on Landmark Request Post Code from Client If Address information does not exist, it must be requested for successful lodgement to occur Process generally takes hours, over working days Go to Click on ‘Authorised Users’ Click on ‘Click here to add a new base address to the database’ Follow normal address line procedure, leaving Line 1 blank in most cases Provided notes to state that new building is not present in database Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate 48

Entering a new address into Landmark database This slide shows the first page of LANDMARK and can only be accessed by a registered assessor 49

5.0 U-Value Calculations U-value calculation is at its simplest for a building element which consists solely of plane, parallel, uniform layers: the heat flow through such an element is directly from inside to outside in a straight line, and all that is needed to obtain the U-Value is a simple sum of the thermal resistances of each layer. Virtually all practical building components, however, have non-uniformities, whether they be joints between masonry units, timber joists with insulation between them, other types of structural member separated by infill panels, glazing within a frame, and so on. The consequence of non-uniformities, or the presence of any layers that are not plane and parallel, is that the heat no longer travels in straight lines. That affects the total heat transfer through the element and needs to be allowed for in the determination of the U-value. Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate. Also you can have a heat flow from an high temperature area to a low temperature area and this can occur internally where you have a space with no heating. These also need to be included. Refer to the CIBSE Books and the example from DCLG 50

U-Value Calculations BR443 – Conventions for U-value calculations – BRE Indicates methods of calculation appropriate for different constructions Provides additional information about using the methods Provides data relevant to typical UK constructions Details of calculation methods are set out in relevant British Standards Simplified Method is defined in BS EN ISO 6946 often applicable Known as the combined method Other simplified methods include; BS EN ISO for Ground Floors; and BS EN ISO for Windows and Doors This slide shows the source of information on calculation of U – Values and their formulae structures. Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate 51

U-Value Calculations Outline of Procedure of BS EN ISO 6946 Calculate Upper Resistance Level (Rupper) by combining in parallel total resistances of all possible heat-flow paths through element Calculate Lower Resistance Level (Rlower) by combining in parallel resistances of heat-flow paths of each layer separately and summing resistances of all layers Calculate Total thermal resistance (RT) from; Calculate, where appropriate, corrections for air gaps (∆Ug) and mechanical fasteners (∆Uf) Calculate the U-Value from; U = (1/RT) + ∆Ug + ∆Uf Rupper + Rlower 2 RT = This slide shows the simplified method and its approach through simple formulae. Go through each element with the course attendees. Also add examples where appropriate 52

U-Value Calculators Various software available online Free trials often available Professional EPC software have integrated U-value calculators This slide shows where calculators of U – Values can be obtained. We have to remember most current IT professional software will have the capability to undertake u – value calculations. Heva-comp as one of the best methods. Also it will undertake interstitial condensation and this normally occurs where the dew point temperature as been breached.

This slide reminds us of the enforcement of the new legislation on EPCs and DECs and we can take it for granted that the auditors will apply the penalties.

LEVEL 4 ENERGY ASSESSORS TRAINING
ANY QUESTIONS OR FEEDBACK Any questions or clarity needed over this topic and slides

Your Course Tutor is Tony Balaam Sustainability Consultant

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