1. The Cardiovascular System
Chapter 10, 11
The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types

2. Blood

4. PLASMA Liquid portion of the blood. 90% WATER
Carries nutrients & other substances
Salts (Na+, K+, Ca++, …)
Proteins (fibrinogen, …)
Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes

5. RED BLOOD CELLS Erythrocytes Carry hemoglobin and oxygen.
Do not have a nucleus
Do not have mitochondria (anaerobic respiration)
Live only about 120 days.
Cannot repair themselves
Determine blood type

6. WHITE BLOOD CELLS Leukocytes Fight infection Formed in the bone marrow
Five types:
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

7. PLATELETS Thrombocytes
Clot blood by sticking together – via protein fibers called fibrin.
These are cell fragment that are formed in the bone marrow

8. ABO BLOOD TYPES
Blood type is determines by the presence or absence of blood proteins called ANTIGENS located on the surface of the erythrocytes.
There are also ANTIBODIES on the surface of erythrocytes.
When incompatible blood proteins mix, agglutination (blood clumping) results.

9. BLOOD TYPES There are 3 alleles that determine 4 blood types:
A (dominant)
B (dominant)
O (recessive)
Type A = AA, Ao
Type B = BB, Bo
Type AB = AB
Type O = oo

10. ABO blood groups A Anti-B A, O B Anti-A B, O AB None A, B, AB, O O
Blood Type
Antigens
Agglutinogen
Antibodies
Agglutinins
Can receive from… A
Anti-B
A, O B
Anti-A
B, O AB
None
A, B, AB, O
Universal recipient O
none
Universal donor

12. Rh factor: + or - ? Open textbook to pp. 350-351.
Read the paragraph that begins “The Rh blood groups…”
Read the following 2 paragraphs.
Stop at heading “Blood Typing.”

13. When Things Go Wrong: BLOOD
Complete handout. Then cut & paste into NB.

14. The Closed Circulatory System
Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.
The heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs.
Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.

15. Blood vessels

17. BLOOD VESSELS 3 TYPES Arteriesarterioles
Take blood away from the heart
3 layers thick
VeinsVenules
Returns blood to the heart
Contain VALVES to prevent backflow of blood
Capillaries
One cell layer thick
Form “capillary beds”
Where gas exchange occurs
O2 leaves capillaries and enters body cells
CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration, enters capillaries

18. BLOOD VESSELS Three layers of blood vessels:
Tunica intima (all types of BV)
Innermost layer
Single thin layer of endothelium
Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow
The only tunic of capillaries

19. BLOOD VESSELS 2)Tunica media (arteries & veins)
Bulky middle coat
Contains smooth muscle and elastin
The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation
Tunica externa (arteries & veins)
Outermost layer
Supporting, protective coat
Also called the adventitia

20. THREE LAYERS OF BLOOD VESSELS

21. *Yellow = must know for quiz VEINS p. 759
vertebral
brachiocephalic
superior vena cava
brachial
inferior vena cava
renal
radial
common iliac
internal iliac
CROSS OUT
posterior tibial
12. internal jugular 13. subclavian 14. axillary 15. cephalic 16. hepatic 17. median cubital 18. ulnar 19. femoral 20. popliteal 21. CROSS OUT 22. anterior tibial

22. ARTERIES p. 747 external carotid vertebral brachiocephalic brachial
renal
aorta
radial
common iliac
internal iliac
popliteal
anterior tibial
12. internal carotid 13. common carotid 14. subclavian 15. axillary 16. celiac trunk 17. superior mesenteric 18. ulnar 19. external iliac 20. femoral 21. posterior tibial

23. When Things Go Wrong: BLOOD VESSELS
Complete handout. Then cut & paste into NB.

24. Blood Pressure

25. Pulse Points

26. Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Use pages to complete handout.
Blood flow
Blood pressure (BP)
Resistance
Blood Viscosity
Total Blood Vessel Length
Blood vessel diameter

27. Blood Pressure VOCABULARY

28. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Average blood pressure in aorta
MAP=CO x PR
Cardiac Output (CO) is amount of blood pumped by heart per minute
CO=SV x HR
SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat
HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute
Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and maximum CO
Peripheral Resistance (PR) is total resistance against which blood must be pumped

29. Factors Affecting MAP

30. THE HEART

31. The HEART Cardiac muscle tissue Highly interconnected cells
FOUR chambers
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

32. Size, Shape, Location of the Heart
Size of a closed fist
Shape
Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone
Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone
Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum

33. EXTERNAL

34. Internal

35. Function of the Heart Valves

36. pulmonary

38. Blood Flow Through Heart

39. Conducting System of Heart

40. Circuits Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation
The blood pathway between the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart.
Systemic Circulation
The pathway between the heart and the rest of the body

41. Coronary Circulation From RIGHT side of heart To outer muscle of heart
Back to LEFT side of heart

42. Pericardium

43. Heart Wall Three layers of tissue
Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart
Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting
Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

44. Heart Wall

45. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

46. Heart Skeleton
Consists of plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles
Fibrous rings around valves to support
Serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
Provides site for muscle attachment

47. Cardiac Muscle
Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei
Contains actin and myosin myofilaments
Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts
Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials
Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit

48. Electrical Properties
Resting membrane potential (RMP) present
Action potentials
Rapid depolarization followed by rapid, partial early repolarization. Prolonged period of slow repolarization which is plateau phase and a rapid final repolarization phase
Voltage-gated channels

49. Action Potentials in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

50. SA Node Action Potential

51. Refractory Period
Absolute: Cardiac muscle cell completely insensitive to further stimulation
Relative: Cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation
Long refractory period prevents tetanic contractions

52. Electrocardiogram
Action potentials through myocardium during cardiac cycle produces electric currents than can be measured
Pattern
P wave
Atria depolarization
QRS complex
Ventricle depolarization
Atria repolarization
T wave:
Ventricle repolarization

53. Cardiac Arrhythmias Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm
Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm
Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration
Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people

54. Alterations in Electrocardiogram

55. Cardiac Cycle
Heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half
Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers
Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure.
Contraction of heart produces the pressure

56. Cardiac Cycle

57. Events during Cardiac Cycle

58. Heart Sounds First heart sound or “lubb” Second heart sound or “dupp”
Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole
Second heart sound or “dupp”
Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer
Third heart sound (occasional)
Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first one-third of diastole

59. Location of Heart Valves

60. When Things Go Wrong: HEART
Complete handout. Then cut & paste into NB.

61. Effects of Aging on the Heart
Gradual changes in heart function, minor under resting condition, more significant during exercise
Hypertrophy of left ventricle
Maximum heart rate decreases
Increased tendency for valves to function abnormally and arrhythmias to occur
Increased oxygen consumption required to pump same amount of blood