1. About carbon Considered “building block of life”
Forms the main component of all life
Can bond with basically anything

2. Organic vs inorganic Carbon-based molecules are organic
Molecules without carbon are inorganic
What is NaCl?__________________
What is H2O?__________________
What is CH4?___________________
What is C6H12O6?______________

3. Organic vs inorganic Carbon-based molecules are organic
Molecules without carbon are inorganic
What is NaCl? Inorganic
What is H2O? Inorganic
What is CH4? ORGANIC
What is C6H12O6? ORGANIC

4. Carbon and its valence electrons
Carbon has 4 valence electrons (6 electrons total)
1st two fill the 1st shell
2nd shell is where the other 4 go….these are the valence electrons
How many valence electrons does Nitrogen have? ___
Oxygen? ___________
Hydrogen? __________

5. Carbon and bonding Forms covalent bonds Can form three types of bonds
single
double
triple
Single C-C bonded molecules are called alkanes
Double C=C bonded molecules are called alkenes
Triple C C bonded molecules are called alkynes

6. Hydrocarbons

7. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

8. Monomers JOIN TOGETHER!...But how!?
Through a COVALENT BOND!!!
This reaction is called Dehydration Synthesis.
Dehydrate = lose water
Synthesis = to make/build
During DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS:
a water molecule (in the reactants) is lost, electrons are rearranged, and a new bond is formed between the subunits.

9. Dehydration Synthesis

10. How can you break polymers?
Opposite of dehydration synthesis…
Add water! = HYDROLYSIS
Hydro = water
Lysis = break
Break with water

11. Hydrolysis

12. Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids (fats) Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA)

13. Carbohydrates
Used by our body to make energy
Monomer: sugars

14. Carbohydrates and Your Body
Provides quick energy

15. CARBOHYDRATES Macromolecule
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies to store potential energy & release energy when our bodies need to use it.
They are made of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen.
The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a monosaccharide. (mono = one; saccharide = sugar)
Carbohydrates have a ratio of about 1 carbon to 2 hydrogen to 1 oxygen. Basic formula: CH2O
Ex) glucose = C6H12O6 •  •  •  • 

16. Monosaccharides
What do you notice about all these sugars?

17. Isomers Glucose and Fructose
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
Example:
Glucose and Fructose

18. Common Monosaccharides
                                                                                
Two common Monosaccharides, (single sugars) Glucose and Fructose

19. What is Your Function?
The primary function of carbohydrates is for short- term energy storage (sugars are for Energy).
“Sugar high” = energy from sugars
Typically mono & disaccharides (simple sugars)
A secondary function is intermediate-term energy storage (as in starch for plants and glycogen for animals). - Typically polysaccharides
Glucose is the “fuel” for our cells.

20. ENERGY!

21. Energy over time

22. Monosaccharides
Some carbohydrates are relatively small molecules, the most important to us is glucose which has 6 carbon atoms.
These simple sugars are called monosaccharides

23. MONOSACCHARIDES AND DISACCHARIDES can combine together to form:
•  MONO = One
•  DI= Two
•  Monosaccharides like glucose & fructose
can
combine together to form:
•  Disaccharides like sucrose which combine together to form:
•  Polysaccharides (polymer) like starch & cellulose.
•  WHICH IS BIGGER?
A monosaccharide or a
disaccharide or a polysaccharide?

24. Disaccharides
Hooking two monosaccharides together forms a more complex sugar.
What process was this called?
Compounds such as sucrose are called Disaccharides (two sugars).
Both monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water.
They can dissolve in water

25. Sucrose
Maple syrup and table sugar are examples.

26. Bad Sugar (sucrose) Sweet, soluble carbohydrate rare in nature
-common in today’s foods
Health effects:
-Obesity
-Tooth decay
-Diabetes
-Heart Disease

27. Polysaccharides
Larger, more complex carbohydrates are formed by linking monosaccharides together to form long or very long sugar chains called Polysaccharides.
Because of their size, these are often times not soluble in water.

28. Polysaccharides
Many biologically important compounds such as starches and cellulose are Polysaccharides.
The term Complex Carbohydrate, or sometimes even just Carbohydrate refers to long chains of sugars.
Three common types of complex carb's are:
Starch – Potatoes, rice, corn
Cellulose – building material for plant cells
Glycogen – stored in liver/muscle cells

29. Complex Carbs- Polysaccharide
Starch is broken down in digestion to glucose
Glycogen is stored in liver and muscle cells
Can be accessed and broken down if they body needs energy
Most animals (including humans) can’t digest cellulose.
Cellulose from plants = fiber
(passes through unchanged) = no nutrients
Cows/termites can digest cellulose
Cotton is mostly cellulose. Relate this back to solubility.

30. Carbohydrates: Food Sources
Simple carbs (simple sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.
Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

31. Carbohydrates: Food Sources
Fiber (roughage) is found in brown rice, popcorn, nuts (almonds/pecans/walnuts), skin of potatoes, oat bran, and oatmeal
allows you to pass food more rapidly and get rid of unwanted digestive products
reduces the risk of colon cancer
too must can cause diarrhea

32. Lipids Lipids are commonly known as fats & oils. What are oils?
• Lipids are NON-POLAR molecules
• They have a VERY high carbon & hydrogen
concentration and very little oxygen.
Ex) Beef Fat = C57H110O6
• In the body, they are held together by HIGH
ENERGY BONDS.
This is because they store heat & energy.

33. (This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)
Lipids like Carbs?
You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C6H12O6
(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)
On the other hand, lipids have a lot more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H46O cholesterol

34. The Shape of a Polymer of a LIPID
The three fatty acid “tails” are primarily C-H bonds.
The glycerol “head” is a 3-carbon backbone with Oxygen and Hydrogens bonded to it
Triglyceride

35. Fats
What makes fats (lipids) insoluble in water? What do you notice in the molecule?

36. What is their Function?
1. Lipids contain a lot of calories in a small space.
2. Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure
3. Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm) and cushion internal organs
4. Long-term energy storage
5. They produce hormones for the body called STEROIDS (estrogen/testosterone) which regulate growth & development as well as a Steroid called Cholesterol.
6. They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

37. Saturated or Unsaturated?
Fatty acids can be saturated
(meaning they have as many hydrogens bonded to their carbons as possible). Single bonded C-H OR
Fatty acids can be unsaturated
(with one or more double bonds connecting their carbons, hence fewer hydrogens).

38. Unsaturated
A fat is a solid at room temperature, while an oil is a liquid under the same conditions.
The fatty acids in oils are mostly unsaturated, while those in fats are mostly saturated.
Saturated: typically animal fats/lards. Also butter.
Unsaturated: fruits, vegetables, fish, corn oil, olive oil, vegetable oils

39. LIPIDS…Some interesting info
Waterproofing...
Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

40. Steroids...
There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are:
SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STEROIDS
CHOLESTEROL
Like testosterone and estrogen
They increase muscle

41. Cholesterol An essential steroid that surrounds our cells
Starting point for other steroids in your body to be produced
Too much can cause cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) disease