1. The Enlightenment Begins
Lecture on first six See it-Say its for WH U2.
Enlightenment Key Terms
Unit 2
Enlightenment & Revolutions

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What does your understanding of the old ideas of life tell you about what may happen with the introduction of the ideas of the Enlightenment?

3. Renaissance 1350 to 1550 – the Renaissance. Protestant Reformation
Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther, a Catholic Monk’s attempt at reform.
1350 to 1550 – the Renaissance.
i. Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture
ii. Italian intellectuals believed that they were living in a new age.
Protestant Reformation
i. Martin Luther, a Catholic Monk’s attempt at reform.
ii. With a focus on early sources of Christianity and the criticizing of religious practices…
iii. …Luther nails his 95 thesis on the door of the church charging the church with practices outside church doctrine.
iv. This leads to an ultimate split in the Catholic Church that causes the creation of Protestant Churches.
v. The Catholic Church is now split between the remaining Catholics and the new Protestant churches.
Martin Luther

4. James Stuart I of England 1621
1. Divine Right of Kings
The Divine Right of Kings is a political and religious absolutism.
The monarch owes his rule to the will of God and NOT his subjects or the aristocracy.
Endorsed by the pope.
The Divine Right of Kings is political and religious absolutism.
i. Power comes from God to the King and then to everyone else.
The monarch owes his rule to the will of God and NOT his subjects or the aristocracy.
i. The king answer to no one, not the pope, not the Lords or Knights, and certainly not the people.
Any attempt to depose him or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God.
i. Don’t mess with the King or you are messing with God.
(1) The Old Testament in which a line of kings was created by God through the prophecy of Jacob/Israel who created his son Judah to be king and retain the scepter until the coming of the Messiah, alongside the line of priests created in his other son, Levi. Later a line of Judges who were, in effect, kings, was created alongside the line of High Priests created by Moses through Aaron. Later still, the Prophet Samuel re-instituted the line of kings in Saul, under the inspiration of God.
(2) The New Testament in which the first Pope, St Peter, commands that all Christians shall honor the Roman Emperor (1 Peter 2:13-17) even though, at that time, he was still a pagan emperor.
(3) The endorsement by the popes and the Church of the line of emperors beginning with the Emperors Constantine and Theodosius, later the Eastern Roman emperors, and finally the Western Roman emperor, Charlemagne.
James Stuart I of England 1621

5. 1. Divine Right of Kings
The idea that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God
Any attempt to depose him or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God.
The Divine Right of Kings is political and religious absolutism.
i. Power comes from God to the King and then to everyone else.
The monarch owes his rule to the will of God and NOT his subjects or the aristocracy.
i. The king answer to no one, not the pope, not the Lords or Knights, and certainly not the people.
Any attempt to depose him or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God.
i. Don’t mess with the King or you are messing with God.
(1) The Old Testament in which a line of kings was created by God through the prophecy of Jacob/Israel who created his son Judah to be king and retain the scepter until the coming of the Messiah, alongside the line of priests created in his other son, Levi. Later a line of Judges who were, in effect, kings, was created alongside the line of High Priests created by Moses through Aaron. Later still, the Prophet Samuel re-instituted the line of kings in Saul, under the inspiration of God.
(2) The New Testament in which the first Pope, St Peter, commands that all Christians shall honor the Roman Emperor (1 Peter 2:13-17) even though, at that time, he was still a pagan emperor.
(3) The endorsement by the popes and the Church of the line of emperors beginning with the Emperors Constantine and Theodosius, later the Eastern Roman emperors, and finally the Western Roman emperor, Charlemagne.
The children of Charles I - Mary, James II, Charles II, Elizabeth, Anne.
(left to right)

6. 2. Constitutional Monarch
A form of government that acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch.
NOT an absolute monarchy but a parliamentary form of limited monarchy.
The monarch is the head of state.
Prime Minister is the head of government.
A form of government that acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch.
i. During the Enlightenment Age, some countries attempt through Revolution to make the transition away from absolute monarchies.
NOT an absolute monarchy but a parliamentary form of limited monarchy.
i. In an absolute monarchy, the Divine Right of Kings reigns supreme.
ii. For example, King Louis XIV of France is a great example of the Divine Right of Kings.
Monarch is head of state.
i. In the United States, our President is the Head of State (the figure head) and the Head of Government (President of the USA).
ii. In Constitutional Monarchies, the King or monarch is the Head of State but the true power of government lies elsewhere.
Prime Minister is head of government.
i. Currently, Great Britain (England), Spain, Japan, and Canada have a parliamentary form of government and have a Prime Minister as the Head of Government.
Constitutional Monarch = power through heredity.
Prime Minister = power through government and elections.
King George III of England

7. 3. Natural Rights
Natural rights are rights that each person has at birth.
A natural right is exists even when it is not enforced by the government.
A legal right is a right specifically created by the government.
Governments are created to protect the natural rights of its citizens.
John Locke (1632–1704), was another prominent Western philosopher who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Like Hobbes, Locke was a major social contract thinker. He said that man's natural rights are life, liberty, and property. He greatly influenced the American Revolutionary War with his writings of natural rights.
According to Locke there are three natural rights:
1. Life- everyone is entitled to live once they are created.
2. Liberty- everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it doesn't conflict with the first right.
3. Estate- everyone is entitled to own all they create or gain through gift or trade so long as it doesn't conflict with the first two rights.
The social contract is a contract between a being or beings of power and their people or followers. The King makes the laws to protect the 3 natural rights. The people agree on the laws, but they have to follow them. The people can be prosecuted and/or killed if they break these laws. If the King does not follow these rules, he can be overthrown.
John Locke

8. John Locke’s Natural Rights
1. Life- everyone is entitled to live once they are created.
2. Liberty- everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it doesn't conflict with the first right.
3. Estate- everyone is entitled to own all they create or gain through gift or trade so long as it doesn't conflict with the first two rights

9. 4. Social Contract Nature is a primitive condition
without law or morality.
Humans leave nature for the
benefits and necessity of cooperation.
Private property demanded that humans adopt law.
It is these three ideologies: the Divine Right of Kings, Natural Rights, and the Social Contract that we will be examining throughout this unit on the Enlightenment and Revolution. These ideas are at conflict with one another and by looking at the Glorious, French and American Revolutions we will examine each of these issues that have been the hallmark of Western Civilization since Rome fell in 476 CE.

10. 4. Social Contract
By joining together abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free.
A concept proposed by Rousseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will.
During the Enlightenment the idea that people had natural rights challenged traditional royal and church authority
Jean Jacques Rousseau

11. ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What does your understanding of the old ideas of life tell you about what may happen with the introduction of the ideas of the Enlightenment?