1. Chapter 1: A Tour of Computer Systems
Bryant & O’Hallaron

2. Pre- processor (cpp) Compiler (cc1) Assembler (as) Linker (ld)
printf.o
Pre-
processor
(cpp)
Compiler
(cc1)
Assembler
(as)
Linker
(ld)
hello.c
hello.i
hello.s
hello.o
hello
Source
program
(text)
Modified
source
program
(text)
Assembly
program
(text)
Relocatable
object
programs
(binary)
Executable
object
program
(binary)
Figure 1.3: The compilation system.
compilation.ppt

3. CPU Register file ALU PC System bus Memory bus Main memory
Bus interface
I/O
bridge
I/O bus
Expansion slots for
other devices such
as network adapters
USB
controller
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Figure 1.4: Hardware organization of a typical system.
hardware.ppt
Mouse
Keyboard
Display
Disk
hello executable
stored on disk

4. CPU Register file ALU PC System bus Memory bus Main memory
Bus interface
I/O
bridge
"hello"
I/O bus
Expansion slots for
other devices such
as network adapters
USB
controller
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Figure 1.5: Reading the hello command from the keyboard.
keyboardread.ppt
Mouse
Keyboard
Display
Disk
User
types
"hello"

5. CPU Register file ALU PC System bus Memory bus Main memory
Bus interface
I/O
bridge
"hello,world\n"
hello code
I/O bus
Expansion slots for
other devices such
as network adapters
USB
controller
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Figure 1.6: Loading the executable from disk into main memory.
helloload.ppt
Mouse
Keyboard
Display
Disk
hello executable
stored on disk

6. CPU Register file ALU PC System bus Memory bus Main memory
Bus interface
I/O
bridge
"hello,world\n"
hello code
I/O bus
Expansion slots for
other devices such
as network adapters
USB
controller
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Figure 1.7: Writing the output string from memory to the display.
displaywrite.ppt
Mouse
Keyboard
Display
Disk
hello executable
stored on disk
"hello,world\n"

7. CPU chip Register file ALU Cache memories System bus Memory bus Main
Bus interface
I/O
bridge
Figure 1.8: Cache memories.
cachebus.ppt

8. Local secondary storage (local disks)
Regs
Smaller,
faster,
and
costlier
(per byte)
storage
devices
CPU registers hold words retrieved from cache memory.
L1:
L1 cache
(SRAM)
L1 cache holds cache lines retrieved from the L2 cache.
L2 cache
(SRAM)
L2:
L2 cache holds cache lines
retrieved from L3 cache
L3:
L3 cache
(SRAM)
L3 cache holds cache lines
retrieved from memory.
Larger,
slower,
and
cheaper
(per byte)
storage
devices
L4:
Main memory
(DRAM)
Main memory holds disk
blocks retrieved from local
disks.
Figure 1.9: An example of a memory hierarchy.
memhier.ppt
L5:
Local secondary storage
(local disks)
Local disks hold files retrieved from disks on remote network servers.
L6:
Remote secondary storage
(distributed file systems, Web servers)

9. Application programs Software Operating system Processor Main memory
I/O devices
Hardware
Figure 1.10: Layered view of a computer system.
layers.ppt

10. Processes Virtual memory Files Processor Main memory I/O devices
Figure 1.11: Abstractions provided by an operating system.
abstractions-os.ppt

11. Process A Process B Time User code read Context switch Kernel code
Disk interrupt
Context
switch
Kernel code
Return
from read
User code
Figure 1.12: Process context switching.
switch.ppt

12. Memory mapped region for shared libraries printf function
invisible to
user code
Kernel virtual memory
User stack
(created at runtime)
Memory mapped region for
shared libraries
printf function
Run-time heap
(created by malloc)
Read/write data
Figure 1.13: Process virtual address space.
rtimage.ppt
Loaded from the
hello executable file
Read-only code and data
0x (32)
0x (64)

13. Network adapter Network
CPU chip
Register file
ALU PC
System bus
Memory bus
Main
memory
Bus interface
I/O
bridge
Expansion slots
I/O bus
USB
controller
Graphics
adapter
Disk
controller
Network
adapter
Figure 1.14: A network is another I/O device.
nethost.ppt
Mouse
Keyboard
Monitor
Disk
Network

14. string to telnet server 3. Server sends "hello"
Local
telnet
client
Remote
server
2. Client sends "hello"
string to telnet server
3. Server sends "hello"
string to the shell, which
runs the hello program,
and passes the output
to the telnet server
4. Telnet server sends
"hello, world\n" string
to client
5. Client prints
"hello, world\n"
string on display
1. User types
"hello" at the
keyboard
Figure 1.15: Using telnet to run hello remotely over a network.
telnet.ppt

15. All processors Multiprocessors Multi- core Hyper- threaded
Uniprocessors
Figure 1.16: Categorizing different processor configurations.
processors.ppt

16. … Processor package Core 0 Core 3 Regs Regs L1 d-cache L1 i-cache L1
L2 unified cache
L2 unified cache
L3 unified cache
(shared by all cores)
Figure 1.17: Intel Core i7 organization.
corei7caches.ppt
Main memory

17. Virtual machine Processes Instruction set architecture Virtual memory
Files
Operating system
Processor
Main memory
I/O devices
Figure 1.18: Some abstractions provided by a computer system.
abstractions-multi.ppt