1. Biological treatment for OCD
4.1.4 Psychopathology:
The biological approach to explaining treating OCD: drug therapy

2. Drug therapy
The most commonly used biological therapy for anxiety disorders is drug therapy.
This therapy assumes that there is a chemical imbalance in the brain
This can be corrected by drugs, which either increase or decrease the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.

3. SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
The standard medical treatment used to tackle the symptoms of OCD are SSRIs
SSRIs work on increasing certain neurotransmitter in the brain by preventing the re-absorption of serotonin.
By preventing the re-absorption of serotonin, SSRIs effectively increase its levels in the synapse and thus continue to stimulate the post-synaptic neuron

4. Combining SSRIs with other treatment
Drugs are often used alongside cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
The drugs reduce the sufferer’s emotional symptoms, such as anxiety or depression
This means that the patient can then engage more effectively with CBT
Some sufferers may respond best to CBT alone without the need for medication

5. Alternatives to SSRIs
Where an SSRI is not effective after three to four months the dose can be increased or it can be combined with other drugs
Patients respond differently to different drugs and sometimes alternatives work well for some people and not at all for others
tricyclics
SNRIs

6. Evaluations Drug therapy is effective at tackling OCD symptoms
There is clear research to suggest that SSRIs are effective in reducing the severity of OCD symptoms (Soomro: 2009)
Drugs are cost-effective and non-disruptive
Drug treatments are cheap in comparison to psychological treatments and, unlike psychotherapy, they are non-disruptive to patients’ lives
Drugs can have side-effects
Although the use of drugs is effective for most, a significant minority receive no benefit and/or may suffer side-effects: weight gain, dry mouth, sexual dysfunction and loss of memory. Coming off a drug is a slow process in which the dosage has to be gradually reduced over a period of six months – risk of relapse.

7. Evaluations Unreliable evidence for drug treatments
If drug companies sponsor the research they may decide to supress any results that do not support the drug they are marketing. Currently many drug companies do not publish all of their results and may indeed be supressing evidence. This suggests that the data on the effectiveness of drugs may not be trustworthy.
Some cases of OCD follow trauma
Although OCD is widely believed to be biological in origin, it is also accepted that OCD can have different causes. There is a case for proposing that cases of OCD where there is no family history of OCD, but there is a relevant life event, should be treated differently from those where there is a family history and no trauma. It may be that for these cases drugs are not appropriate.

8. Essay
Describe and evaluate the biological approach to the treatment of OCD (12 marks – AS/16 marks A level)