1. Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Mr. conkey Physical Science Chapter 3

2. Describing states of matter
Solid – a state of matter in which materials have a definite shape and a definite volume. Solids have some type of orderly arrangement of particles at the atomic level.
Liquid – a state of matter in which materials have a definite volume but not a definite shape. Atoms in liquids are close together but are more randomly arranged than those of a solid.
Gas – a state of matter in which material has neither a definite shape or volume. Gas takes the shape and volume of its container.

3. Bose-Einstein Condensate
Predicted by Albert Einstein that a fifth state of matter could exist at extremely low temperatures (near -273°C) where groups of atoms would behave as though they were a single particle. It was produced by scientists in

4. Kinetic Theory
Kinetic theory – the energy an object has due to its motion. All particles of matter are in constant motion.
The constant motion of particles in gas allows a gas to fill a container of any shape and size.
Not all particles move at the same speed; there are forces of attraction among particles in all matter.

5. Behavior of liquids and solids
Liquids take the shape of their container because particles in a liquid can flow to new locations. Volumes of liquids are constant due to forces of attraction keeping particles in liquids close together.
Solids have a definite volume and shape because particles in a solid vibrate around fixed locations. Strong attractions among atoms in solids restrict the particles motions and keep atoms in fixed locations so they can not change places with each other.

6. The Gas Laws: Pressure, Temperature, and Volume
Pressure is the result of a force distributed over an area. Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the pressure inside the container.
Pressure is measured in force (Newtons or N) and area (m²).

7. Factors that affect Gas pressure
Temperature
Volume
If the volume of a gas and the number of particles are constant, then raising the temperature will increase pressure. Lowering the temperature will decrease pressure.
These are directly proportional.
If the temperature of the gas and the number of particles are constant, then decreasing the volume of a gas increases the pressure. Increasing volume will decrease the pressure.
These are inversely proportional.

8. Factors that affect gas pressure (cont.)
Number of particles - if the temperature and volume are constant, then increasing the number of gas particles will increase the pressure.
Decreasing the number of particles will decrease the pressure of the gas (think collisions!).
These are also directly proportional.