1. The Kingdom Plantae
Chapter 28

2. Characteristics of Plants
Photosynthesis using chlorophylls a and b
Storage of energy as starch.
Cellulose cell walls.
Zygote develops into an embryo while still attached to the parent plant. This separates the plants from the protists, specifically the green algae. (But may really be better to include the green algae in the Plantae.)

3. Embryos

4. Non-vascular plants (bryophytes)
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
No specialized water-conducting cells (xylem or phloem)
Reproduction by spores
Obvious, green parts of the plant are all haploid (gametophyte)

9. Vascular Plants (tracheophytes)
Xylem – water-conducting tissues
Tracheids: long, slender, hollow water-conducting cells
Vessels: a more advanced form of water-conducting cell we’ll encounter later.
Phloem – sugar-conducting tissues
Diploid sporophyte becomes dominant generation

10. Non-seed tracheophytes
Ferns – wide variety of growth forms
Club-mosses (note: despite the name these are not mosses; they are vascular plants and are more closely related to ferns)
Horsetails
Whisk ferns
Members of these groups were the dominant plants of the Paleozoic, and a major source of fossil fuels.

14. Figure 28.19 The Life Cycle of a Fern
Egg
Archegonium
Rhizoids
Germinating
spore
Mature gametophyte
Antheridium
Sperm
Spore
tetrad
Fertilization
HAPLOID (n)
Gametophyte
generation
Meiosis
DIPLOID (2n)
Sporophyte
generation
Mature sporophyte
Archegonial
wall
Sporangium
Embryo
Sporophyte
Sori
(clusters of sporangia)
Root
Horizontal stem
Roots

15. Figure 28.19 The Life Cycle of a Fern
Sori

17. Figure 28.13 Homospory and Heterospory
Gametophyte
(n)
Archegonium ()
(n)
Antheridium ()
(n)
Spore (n)
HAPLOID (n)
Gametophyte
generation
Eggs (n)
Sperm (n)
Meiosis
Fertilization
DIPLOID (2n)
Sporophyte
generation
Spore mother cell (2n)
Zygote (2n)
Sporangium (2n)
Embryo (2n)
Sporophyte
(2n)

18. Figure 28.13 Homospory and Heterospory
Megagametophyte ()
(n)
Heterospory
Megaspore (n)
Microgametophyte ()
(n)
Eggs (n)
Microspore (n)
HAPLOID (n)
Gametophyte
generation
Sperm (n)
Meiosis
Fertilization
DIPLOID (2n)
Sporophyte
generation
Spore
mother
cell (2n)
Spore mother
Zygote (2n)
Embryo (2n)
Sporangium (2n)
Sporophyte
(2n)