1. Public speaking and rhetoric

2. Rhetoric Definitions How Does it Relate to Public Speaking?
Rhetoric is the foundation for public speaking
Definitions
Plato: Rhetoric is "the art of winning the soul by discourse." 
Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion.
Kenneth Burke: "Rhetoric is rooted in an essential function of language itself, a function that is wholly realistic and continually born anew: the use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols."
 "Wherever there is persuasion, there is rhetoric, and wherever there is rhetoric, there is
meaning.“
Krisita Radcliffe "the study of how we use language and how language uses us."

3. Rhetoric “Rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse.
From ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, it was a central
Part of Western education, filling the need to train public
speakers and writers to move audiences to action with
arguments.”
“As a course of study, rhetoric trains students to speak
and/or write effectively. The rhetorical curriculum is nearly
as old as the rhetorical tradition itself. ”

4. How Does it Relate to me?
Rhetoric is every in every movie you’ve seen, lecture
you’ve listened to, every news conference you’ve watched,
every speech you’ve heard and every advertisement you’ve
viewed
Public Speaking is not only about learning to become a
better communicator but also about learning to analyze the
messages that you send and that others send to you
It asks for an awareness of those sending and receiving messages

5. Rhetoric and Public Speaking
In this class you will learn:
How to effectively and persuasively convey
a message
How to analyze a message
How to be aware of unethical messages
How the power of rhetoric has had an
impact on history and your everyday world
Two Major Goals
Learn to construct your own rhetoric
Learn to deconstruct the rhetoric of others

6. Being an Effective Rhetorician
FIVE CANNONS:
1. Invention, the search for persuasive ways to present information and formulate arguments - Deduction and Induction
2. Arrangement, the organization of the parts of a presentation to ensure that all the means of persuasion are present and properly disposed
3. Style, the use of correct, appropriate, and remarkable language throughout the speech
4. Memory, the use of mnemonics and practice practice practice
5. Delivery, presenting the message with effective gestures and vocal modulation

7. The Five Cannons of Rhetoric
Inventio/Invention
This cannon is a system or method for the discovery of arguments. It is the most central and indispensable cannon that gives the speaker necessary tools to find arguments for different situations.
Disposition/Arrangement
This cannon is the organization of selected arguments that will be used in the speech.Cicero and Quintilian developed this cannon into six different parts which include:
Exordium, the introduction of the case.
Narratio, the statement or thesis of the case.
Divisio or partitio, the outline of the case (preview).
Confirmation, the proofs of the case (body).
Confutatio, the denial of any possible opposing arguments.
Peroration, the conclusion of the case.

8. The Five Cannons of Rhetoric
Elecutio/Style
This cannon applies when deciding to make the speech plain, poetic, expressive, etc. The style depends on the audience and the nature of the speech. There are four ingredients of style; correctness, clearness, appropriateness and ornamentation.
Memoria/Memory.
This applies when making the speech memorable without memorizing by using memory techniques for the speaker.
Pronuntiatio/Delivery
This applies to the voice, volume, pitch, posture, gestures and facial expressions of the speaker.

9. Being an Effective Rhetorician
To be an effective speaker, rhetoricians must include rhetorical proofs which is part of arrangement
Rhetorical proofs are three tools that speakers can use in any speech to persuade and engage the audience
They are:
Ethos
Pathos
Logos

10. Rhetorical Proofs
Ethos: how the character and credibility of a speaker can influence an audience to consider him to be believable
Pathos: the use of emotional appeals to alter the audience's judgment, this proof can play on anything from pity to fear
Logos: the use of reasoning, either inductive or deductive, to construct an argument

11. Rhetorical Proofs If you need to get an extension on an assignment:
Pathos
I had a death in the family. I was very close to this person and am so consumed by grief that I have been unable to keep up with my studies.
Ethos
I’ve always been a good student and have completed everything on time. I’m not the type of students that slacks off and asks for an extension at the last minute. Right now I’m dealing with extenuating circumstances.
Logos
I know that you don’t normally accept late work but I was hoping that I would be able to turn this in late and get points taken off. If you will let me turn it in late I promise to come to some extra study sessions and participate in class a lot more.

12. Rhetorical Proofs in Movies
Remember the Titans: List&p=B A5AF49F&playnext=1&index=52
Monty Python:
Elizabeth:
lizabeth.html

13. First Speech Assignment
Self Introduction Speech
Objective: To give a short speech that introduces you to the class as a unique individual.
You will need to choose one specific aspect of yourself to focus on and tell the audience how it represents who you are as an individual.
Try to think of something that makes you different from other people. If you feel your topic may be too personal or too sensitive, discuss this with the instructor.

14. First Assignment Consider experiences relating to:
a hobby or activity that adds meaning to your life
a career or life goal
a social purpose or cause that impassions you,
a group or political affiliation,
something about your background or cultural heritage
a person or experience that influenced you
Do not tell your life story in the time given; instead, use this opportunity to introduce yourself to the class in whatever way you feel is most effective.

15. The Point of the Assignment
This speech works as a foundation for future speeches
It helps you to become comfortable speaking in front of the class without having to worry about using research (which is required for future speeches)

16. First Speech Assignment
Requirements:
3-5 minutes (given a 30 second leeway)
MUST HAVE TYPED OUTLINE
Outline needs to be in correct format
Within speech:
Attention getter
Thesis
Preview
Clearly organized body
Conclusion

17. Speech Ideas What makes me different from my peers?
An experience I had?
My transition to college?
Non traditional college student?
Group I am involved with?
What makes me interesting?
Trip I’ve taken?
Accomplishment?
Unique hobby?
Odd talent?
Something important I’ve learned?

18. Examples of Speech Topics
Topic: Why I like soccer
Topic: How I joined a sorority
Topic: My family

19. Examples of Speech Topics
Topic: Why I Like Soccer
This is not a good topic because it does not move beyond the basics.
It does not show how you are unique individual
Correction: How soccer helped to become confident and brought me out of my shell
This examples shows how a hobby of yours reflects who you are now, which is a more confident and extroverted individual

20. Example of Speech Topics
Topic: My Family
This topic is inappropriate because it does not express who you are
This topic does not express who YOU are
Correction: What I have learned from each of my parents
Be careful with this topic because students have a tendency to focus on their parents but then not relate it directly to how this has changed them as an individual

21. Grading
I will be looking for the requirements of the speech and my grading will focus on three areas:
Substance
Organization
Delivery
*** I will also be looking for you to develop rhetorical proofs in your speech as practice for future speeches****

22. What Makes a Good Speech?
1) A good speech is substantive.
It addresses important, timely, and focused topics with effective and responsible use of information, reasoning, and language use. Substantive speeches are tailored to a given audience and situation. Submitted written work is polished, computer- generated, and meets the criteria stipulated for the assignment.

23. What Makes a Good Speech?
2) A good speech is well-organized.
Especially with oral presentations, it is crucial to be as clear and comprehensible as possible with word choice and arrangement of main ideas and supporting information. Central and supporting ideas should be easily distinguished, reflect a clear sense of purpose, and developed using a sensible design scheme. Clearly discernible introductions, bodies, conclusions and transitions should make it easy for your audience to follow your message.

24. What Makes a Good Speech?
3) A good speech is well-presented.
An extemporaneous presentation emphasizes eye contact and audience interaction over exact wording, and demonstrates a sense of commitment to the audience, the topic, and the situation. The speaker does not read from notes while speaking. Moves, gestures, and voice should compliment the speaker’s message. A little nervousness early on is not only acceptable, but expected with most student speakers.

25. Speech Structure Categorical Based on natural divisions of topic
Based on customary divisions of topic
Narrative
Develops as a story
Series of events of scenes

26. Analyzing Student Speeches
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