1. Chemicals of Life A Unit on Biochemistry
What is biochemistry????
The study of the different types of chemicals found that make up all living organisms

2. Review of terms:
Atoms:
Basic building block of matter.

3. Composition of an atom:
Made up of three subatomic particles:
Protons +
in the nucleus
Neutrons
neutral
Electrons
---
electron shell

4. Elements:
Substance made up of all one type of atom.
Six most common elements
found in living organisms:
C, H, N, O, P, S

5. C= H= N= O= P= S=

7. Molecules/compounds:

9. Molecules/compounds:
-Two or more atoms bonded together to create a new substance with new properties.
Example:
Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride
Table Salt
-silvery white solid
-explosive in water
-green gas
-poisonous
-white solid
-not explosive
-not poisonous

10. 5 most common compounds in a living organism:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Water

11. Two types of compounds:
1. Inorganic compounds:
Do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds
Can not be decomposed
Must be recycled
Examples:
Sand, glass, Styrofoam
Soil, rocks, metals and
Water
Carbon dioxide CO2

12. 2. Organic Compounds: Contain at least one carbon-hydrogen bond
Can be decomposed or broken
down
Examples:
Anything living or once living
Dead plants and animals
Proteins, lipids, carbs/C6H12O6
and nucleic acids

13. The C, H, N, O, P, S found in organic molecules must be decomposed and recycled continuously through our biosphere.

14. Lets start with INORGANIC:

15. The most common inorganic compound found in all living organisms is:
WATER:
-classified as being inorganic
-Why?
-does not contain….
carbon and hydrogen bonds
-cannot be……..
decomposed
-must be……….
recycled

16. Recycling of water:

17. Water: H2O 2. The atoms bond to form an angular molecule
1. Made up of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.
2. The atoms bond to form an angular molecule

18. - + 3. Water is classified as a polar molecule.
Like a bar magnet it has a partial positive and a partial negative end. +

19. One of the most important rules in biology is that:
…………opposites attract

21. Therefore, one molecule of water is attracted to another molecule of a water, as long as the + end of one is next to the – end of another thus giving water many unique properties. + -

22. Temporary, weak hydrogen bonds form between the two water molecules “holding” the two molecules together + -

23. Lab Time

24. Water’s unique properties:
-1. Is an inorganic molecule
-Contains no carbon-hydrogen bonds
-2. Made up of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen
3. -forms an angular molecule
4. - Is a POLAR MOLECULE
-has a + and a – end
-5. Covers 75% of the Earth’s surface
-6. Makes up 70% to 80% of a living
organism + -

25. 7. -Occurs in three phases
-Solid
-molecules have a small amount of energy
-a little movement (just vibrating)
-Liquid
-molecules gain some energy
and some movement
-Gas
-molecules gain a lot of energy
and a lot of rapid movement
(enough to escape the surface )

27. PHASE DIAGRAM OF WATER

28. Phase Change Diagram of Water

29. Water displays cohesion.
to work together
Hesion or hesive (think tape) =
to stick together
Cohesion is:
the attraction between like molecules. H2O attracted to another H2O
- This occurs because water is
a polar molecule and opposites attract.

30. 9. Water displays adhesion.
What is adhesion?
-waters attraction to other types of molecules
(water is attraction to a paper towel)

31. 10. Water expands when frozen.
When frozen, the water molecules slow down their movement and due to their polarity they will line themselves up
+ end to – end thus taking up more room and lowering its density.

32. Water expands when frozen.
Density is :
Mass/volume
Liquid:
1g/1cm3 = density of 1.0
Solid:
1g / 1.2 cm3 = density of .83
Solid ice with .83 density will float in liquid water with a 1.0 density
Liquid: water molecules have more energy/more movement thus they are constantly moving , regardless of the + and – charges, they take up less volume
Solid: molecules are only vibrating, they arrange themselves + end to – end taking up more volume.

33. - - + + O H H H H O H O O H H H Liquid Solid Occupies less volume. . - O
H H H + H - O H O O H H H +
Occupies less volume
Liquid
Occupies more volume
Solid

34. It dissolves more substances on Earth than any other
11. Water is known as the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
It dissolves more substances on Earth than any other
substance

35. To dissolves means the molecules of one substance are picked up and surrounded by another type of molecule.

36. Demo of salt
dissolving
In water.

37. Lab Results

38. Mixtures: - 2 or more substances combined but not chemically.
-each substance retains it’s own
properties.
-each substance can be separated
from the other.
Examples???????
Salt water, kool aid, trail mix

39. 12. Due to its polarity, water can create 2 types mixtures:
- Suspensions
- Solutions

40. Suspensions:
Example: Oil and water
A substance is mixed with water and the 2 substances separate.
The less dense substance is “suspended above” the more dense substance.
This happens because water is POLAR and oil is NONPOLAR (oil has no + or – ends)

41. Blood is a suspension:
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are float around in the liquid plasma

42. Solutions: One substance dissolves into another substance. Examples:
Kool aid
Salt water

43. Cytoplasm is a solution:
All of the digested food molecules from the food we eat and all of the Oxygen molecules from the air we breathe are dissolved in the liquid component of our cell’s blood.

44. Likes dissolve likes The Rule::: SO:
Polar substances dissolve other polar substances
Polar water will dissolve salt because salt is polar
Nonpolar substances dissolve other non polar substances
Nonpolar oil will dissolve in gas because gas is non polar

45. Parts of a solution:
Solvent:
Substance doing the dissolving. (water)
Solute:
Substance being dissolved.
(salt)
Solution:
Created when the solute DISSOLVES in the solvent.
(salt water)

46. Water is known as the Universal Solvent.
-dissolves more substances than any other solvent including all items that need to be dissolved in living organisms.

47. Aqueous solution:
water is the solvent
Saline solution:
salt is the solute
Tincture:
alcohol is the solvent

48. Mixture Activity Goody, Goody…………………Mrs. O’Neill is at it again!!!!
………another of her crazy ideas!

49. Types of water solutions:
1.Acids
2.Bases
3.Neutral

50. Acids/Acidic Solutions:
Acids/Acidic Solutions: A substance that release +H ions when dissolved in water.
HCl / Hydrogen chloride
dissociates into H+ ions and Cl- ions when placed in water + -

51. HCl is Hydrogen Chloride
H is +1 and Cl is – 1 therefore it is neutral
Not dangerous to us and our tissues
When HCl is dissolved into water, the H and Cl ions separate.
HCl is now known as Hydrochloric Acid
It is now very dangerous to us and our tissues

52. - Acidic Solutions: + HCl / Hydrogen chloride
dissociates into H+ ions and Cl- ions when placed in water
Opposites attract so the + H is attracted to the – end of water
and
-Cl is attracted to the positive end of water
Free H+ ions are present now so it is now an ACID
Cl- + - H+

53. Base/Basic Solutions:
Base/Basic Solutions: A substance that release -OH ions when dissolved in water.
NaOH/Sodium hydroxide
dissociates into Na+ ions and OH- ions when placed in water

54. NaOH, sodium hydroxide is now very dangerous to us and our tissues
NaOH is Sodium Hydroxide
Na is +1 and OH is – 1 therefore it is neutral
Not dangerous to us
When NaOH is dissolved into water, the Na and OH ions separate.
NaOH, sodium hydroxide is now very dangerous to us and our tissues

55. - Basic Solution: + NaOH/Sodium hydroxide
dissociates into Na+ ions and OH- ions when placed in water
Opposites attract so the + Na is attracted to the – end of water
and
-OH is attracted to the positive end of water
Free OH- ions are present now so it is now an BASE
OH- + -
Na+

56. Neutral Solutions:
A substance that release no +H or –OH ions when dissolved in water
A when a substance releases an equal amount of both the +H and the – OH ions and they cancel each other out. OR

57. - Neutral Solution: + NaCl /sodium chloride
dissociates into +Na and –Cl ions
There is NO +H or –OH ions so therefore it is NOT an acid or a base so it is NEUTRAL
Cl- + -
Na+

58. Review of acids and bases:

59. pH Scale:
-measures the strength and weaknesses of an acid (%H+) and of bases (%OH-)
-based on a scale of 0 to 14

60. pH and common substances:

61. Neutralization Reaction:
When an acid and a base of equal strength are mixed and cancel each other out creating a neutral substance.
HCl + NaOH ---- NaCl HOH
Strong Strong neutral neutral
acid base no H or OH H = OH
pH pH 14

62. Neutralization Reaction
pH of 3 + __pH ?___ = pH of 7
3 + ____ = = 7 11

63. Lemon Juice + __________ = a neutral substance
pH ____________ = a neutral substance 12
2 + _______ = 14 / 2 = 7
pH 12 = bleach

64. Buffer: A substance which guards against shifts in the pH level.
Our blood is an example of a buffer. Blood uses extra H+ and OH- ions substances to help resist pH changes in our body.

65. Indicator Test:
-special chemicals that can show whether a substance is an acid, a base or is neutral.
-Two type of indicators:
-pH paper: Used to determine the strength or weakness of an acid or a base.

66. pH paper:
Classroom pH paper ranges from 1 to 12 and not 0 to 14 for safety reasons

67. 2. Litmus Paper: -Two types of litmus paper. -RED and BLUE
Used to determine the presence of +H ions and OH- ions NOT the strength of the acid or base.

68. Red litmus determines the presence of +H ions
Blue litmus determines the presence of –OH ions

69. Dip the red litmus paper into the solution and record the color
Dip the red litmus paper into the solution and record the color. Did it stay red or
did it turn blue?

70. Dip the blue litmus paper into the solution and record the color
Dip the blue litmus paper into the solution and record the color. Did it stay blue or did it turn red?

71. Results: Red litmus paper Blue litmus paper
Stays red… contains H+ ions
Red litmus paper
Blue litmus paper
Turns blue….contains 0H-
Blue (start with a “B”) indicates OH- ions/base
Red (think of a burn) indicates H+ ions/acid
Stays blue… contains OH- ions
Turns red….contains H+ ions

72. Substance Blue Litmus (red or blue) Red Litmus pH paper (range 1-12)
Strong or weak acid
Strong or weak base
Or neutral
Windex
Saliva