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Learning Medical Terminology

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1 Learning Medical Terminology
For nursing students

2 It’s all Greek (or Latin) to me!
Learning and understanding the roots of most words in the field of Health and Medicine can help you to understand what is being discussed ORIGIN OF MEDICAL TERMS 75% of medical terms are based on either Greek or Latin words.

3 Medical Terms You Probably Know
Appendectomy Tonsillitis Inflammation Umbilical gastritis

4 Categories of Medical Terms
Descriptive: describes the shape, color, size, function Example: Erythrocyte (Erythr means red, cyte means cell)

5 Eponyms(giving name): terms named after a person (usually the first person to discovered or described a disease or organ) Virginia Apgar – the Apgar score, used to determine the general health of neonate.

6 Eponyms Example: Eustachian tubes are named after Bartolommeo Eustachii ( )

7 Categories of Medical Terms
3. Acronyms: An abbreviation that forms a pronouncible word Examples: CT : Computed Tomography CABG: coronary artery bypass graft AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

8 CABG: coronary artery bypass graft

9 Test How did we get the name “Foley Catheter”

10 Test How did we get the name “Salmonella”?

11 Answers Dr. Frederick Foley ( ) Dr. Daniel Salmon ( )

12 Basic Parts of Medical Words
Roots: usually the middle of the word and its central meaning Prefix: a syllable at the beginning of the word which usually identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning Suffix: comes at the end of the central meaning and refers to what or who is interacting or what is happening regarding it.

13

14 Prefix Root Suffix beginning of the word
identifies some subdivision or part of the central meaning Root middle of the word its central meaning Suffix end of the word what is happening or who is referred to

15 Myocarditis Root: card (referring to the heart)
Prefix: myo (referring to the muscle) Suffix: itis (inflammation) Meaning: inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix, back to the beginning of the term, and then across.

16 Myocarditis

17 Combining vowels is used between two elements of a medical term to make the term easier to pronounce Usually is the letter “O” but may be A, E, I, U or Y Root + combining Vowel + Element = Medical Term Gastr o enteric = gastroenteric

18 ELECTR O CARDI O GRAM GASTR O ENTER IT IS Colon + o + scope = colonoscope (colon) (instrument to view)

19 Examples GASTR O ENTER O LOGY GASTR O SCOPE GASTR IC (ROOT) (SUFFIX)
(ROOT) (ROOT) (SUFFIX) GASTR O SCOPE (ROOT) (SUFFIX) GASTR IC (ROOT) (SUFFIX)

20 Oste + o + arthr + itis = osteoarthritis (bone) (joint) (inflammation)

21 Stethoscope

22 Some Root word cardi = heart gastr or ventr = stomach hepat = liver
nephr or ren = kidney oste or ossi = bone thorac or steth = chest arthr = joint cyt = root for cell derm = skin

23 Suffixes A suffix is a word ending. Changing the suffix gives medical words a new meaning. Usually indicates a procedure, condition, disorder or disease. Most suffixes are derived from Greek or Latin words. (A suffix that is well known is – ology – the study of)

24 Suffixes – terms used in surgery
Enterotomy Appendectomy Gastrorrhaphy Cystoplasty Tomy – cut or incision Ectomy-removal Rhaphy- sewing Plasty – molding/repair

25 Rhino = nose What is this procedure?

26 Quick review of surgical terms
Incision of the kidney Surgical operation for morbid obesity that changes the shape of the stomach Removal/cutting of appendix Nephrotomy is… Gastroplasty is… Appendectomy is… Source:

27 Arthr/o + centesis = arthrocentesis (joint) (puncture)
Suffixes Arthr/o + centesis = arthrocentesis (joint) (puncture) Thorac/o + -tomy = thoracotomy (chest) (incision) Gastro/o + -megaly = gastromegaly (stomach) (enlargement)

28 Suffix-disease/change in body/used for diagnoses
Hepatitis: hepa - liver; itis- inflammation of Splenomegaly: Spleno – spleen; megaly-large Arteriosclerosis: arterio-artery; sclerosis- hardening of Cardiogram: cardio-heart; gram - record or write Laparoscopy: laparo-abdomen; scopy- to look in or search

29

30 Suffixes: at the end of a word
SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE al pertaining to neural Algia pain arthralgia cyte cell leukocyte ectomy removal, excision gastrectomy Emia blood condition leukemia globin protein hemoglobin Gram record (xray) arthrogram ia condition hyperglycemia ic pertaining to gastric

31 Suffixes ism condition, process hypothyroidism
itis inflammation appendicitis logist specialist in the neurologist study of logy study of neurology oma tumor, mass hepatoma opsy to view biopsy osis abnormal condition nephrosis plasty surgical repair arthroplasty (with hardware)

32 Hepatoma

33 Suffixes scope visual exam with gastroscope an instrument
scopy visual exam arthroscopy (with an instrument) sis state of prognosis tomy cutting into, appendectomy incision uni one unilateral

34 Test What do you think is the name of the surgical procedure pictured in the next slide?

35

36 Prefixes

37 A prefix is a word element located at the beginning of a word.
PREFIXES A prefix is a word element located at the beginning of a word. Prefixes can alter the meaning of the word. Usually indicates a number, time,position, direction, color,

38 prefix peri - prefix means around (pericardium)
hemi - prefix means half (hemiplegia) micro - prefix means small (microcephaly) Neo - prefix means new (neonatal)

39 Peri + cardio + logy = pericardiology
Some Prefixes Peri + cardio + logy = pericardiology (around) (heart-pericardium) (study of) Hyper + therm + -ia = hyperthermia (excessive) ( heat) (condition) Intra + muscul + -ar = intramuscular (in, within) (muscle) (relating to) Macro + gloss + -ia = macroglossia (large - enlargement) (tongue) (condition)

40 Cardi ---? Do you remember what cardi means? – it is a root that means … -ogist – suffix that means one who -ology – is a suffix that means the study of So Cardiology is… Cardiologist is… heart. the study of the heart. one who studies the heart.

41 Prefixes: At the beginning of a word
Prefix Meaning Example A, an no, not, without Apnea Ab away from abduction Ad toward adduction Ana up, apart analysis Ante before, forward antepartum Anti against antibody Bi two, both bilateral

42 Prefixes Brady slow bradycardia Circum around circumoral
Con with, together congenital Contra against contraindicated Dys bad, painful, difficult,abnormal dysuria dyspnea

43 Prefixes Ec out, outside ectopic pregnancy
Endo within, in, inner endoscopy Epi above, upon epidermis Ex out excision Extra extra extrahepatic Hemi half hemiplegia Hyper too much, above hyperthyroidism Hypo deficient, too little hypothermia

44 Prefixes In in, into incision Inter between intervertebral
Intra within intravenous Mal bad malignant Mega big megakaryocyte Meta change, beyond metastasis Micro small microscopic Neo new neonatal

45 Prefixes Para beside, near, alongside of parathyroid
Peri surrounding periosteum Poly many, much polyuria Post after, behind postpartum Pre before precancerous Pro before, forward prolapse Pros before, forward prosthesis

46 Prefixes Trans across, through transabdominal
Quadri four quadriplegia Re back, behind relapse Retro back, behind retroperitoneal Sub under, less than subcutaneous Syn with, together syndrome Tachy Fast tachycardia Trans across, through transabdominal Tri three tricuspid valve

47 Review quiz 1. The part of the word which gives the basic meaning to the word is called the ___________. stem

48 2. Dermatology is _____________________________.
The study of skin The branch of medicine concerned with the study of the skin, diseases of the skin, and the relationship of cutaneous lesions to systemic disease 57

49 3. Osteo is a stem which means bone
3. Osteo is a stem which means bone. A person who has osteo-arthritis, for example, has inflammation of the ______ and joint. bone

50 4. Rhino and naso are stems which mean nose
4. Rhino and naso are stems which mean nose. A person who has rhinitis has inflammation of the __________. nose

51 ____________________________.
5. So…rhinoplasty is ____________________________. Surgery to reshape the nose

52 6.Nephritis is Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney.

53 7. Laryngo is a stem meaning larynx or voice box
7. Laryngo is a stem meaning larynx or voice box. A laryngoscopy is an examination of the interior of the __________. Larynx

54 8. Phlebo and veno are stems which mean vein
8. Phlebo and veno are stems which mean vein. A phlebectomy is the _____________________________ Surgical removal of veins such as varicose veins on the surface of the legs.

55 9. Arterio is a stem which means artery
9 . Arterio is a stem which means artery. A person who has arteriosclerosis has ________________________. Hardening of the arteries

56 There are many sources for medical terminology on the internet
There are many sources for medical terminology on the internet. Always consult your instructor for recommended ones. ions/article.htm

57 Plurals Words ending in a, retain the a add ae : vertebra - vertebrae
Words ending in is, drop the is and add es: Diagnosis - diagnoses Words ending in ex or ix, drop the ex or ix and add ices: apex - apices

58 Words ending in on, drop the on and add a:
ganglion - ganglia 5. Words ending in um, drop the um and add a: bacterium - bacteria Words ending in us, drip the us and add i: bronchus - bronchi

59 Terms for Body Systems: Cardiovascular
angi/o vessel aorto/o aorta arteri/o artery cardi/o heart coron/o heart phleb/o vein ven/o vein

60 bicuspid valve (having two cusps)
Stenosis (narrowing of an opening) Stasis (Stoppage of normal blood normal flow) Vegetation (Irregular outgrowths of bacteria on the heart valves)

61 Terms for Body Systems: Digestive
an/o anus append/o appendix cholecyst/o gallbladder col/o colon duoden/o duodenum esophag/o esophagus gastr/o stomach hepat/o liver ile/o ileum

62 Terms for Body Systems: Digestive
jejun/o jejunum or/o mouth pancreat/o pancreas pharyng/o pharynx proct/o anus and rectum rect/o rectum sigmoid/o sigmoid stomat/o mouth

63 Terms for Body Systems: Endocrine
adren/o adrenal hypophys/o pituitary pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid thym/o thymus thyroid/o thyroid

64 Terms for Body Systems: Musculoskeletal
arthr/o joint chondr/o cartilage cost/o rib crani/o skull ligament/o ligament

65 Terms for Body Systems: Musculoskeletal
my/o muscle muscul/o muscle myel/o bone marrow oste/o bone pelv/o pelvis vertebr/o vertebra

66 Terms for Body Systems: Nervous System
cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum encephal/o brain medull/o medulla myel/o spinal cord neur/o nerve

67 Terms for Body Systems: Respiratory
alveol/o alveolar bronch/o bronchial tube cyan/o blue laryng/o larynx nas/o nose

68 Terms for Body Systems: Respiratory
rhin/o nose pharyng/o pharynx phren/o diaphragm pneumon/o lung tonsill/o tonsils trache/o trachea

69 Terms for Body Systems: Eye, Ear, Nails, Skin
aur/o ear ot/o ear ocul/o eye ophthalm/o eye retin/o retina

70 Terms for Body Systems: Eye, Ear, Nails, Skin
cutane/o skin derm/o skin onych/o nail trich/o hair pil/o hair

71 Structures of the Fingernails and Toenails

72 Terms for Body Systems: Urinary
cyst/o urinary bladder nephr/o kidney ren/o renal pyl/o renal pelvis ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra

73 Terms for Body Systems: Urinary
Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine Oliguria : Elimination of small amounts of urine Dysuria : Painful or difficult urination pyuria : Presence of pus in the urine lithotripsy : Crushing of a stone Anuria : Lack of urine formation

74 Test: Identify the type of specialist
Neurolgist Orthopedist Pathologist Urologist Pulmonologist


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