1. Nervous System and Behavioral Health
Chapter 15
Nervous System and Behavioral Health
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2. Chapter 15
Lesson 15.1
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15-2

3. Objectives Identify organs and structures of the nervous system.
Define and spell the word parts related to the nervous system
Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the nervous system.
Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the nervous system.
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4. Function of the Nervous System
Cooperates with the endocrine system in regulating and controlling the activities of the other body systems
The nervous system may be divided into two parts:
central nervous system (CNS): made up of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS): made up of cranial and spinal nerves
The nervous system and endocrine system work together to regulate and control other body systems.
What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system?
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5. Nervous System
This is an illustration of the spinal nerves of the nervous system. Note its branch-like network.
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6. Cranial Nerves This is an illustration of the cranial nerves.
Why are these nerves separate from the rest of the nervous system?
What is the function of these cranial nerves?
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7. Central Nervous System
brain: major portion of the central nervous system
cerebrum: largest portion of the brain, divided into right and left hemispheres; controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (temperature, pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum.
Discuss the structure of the brain as a collection of sections and not just a single organ.
How does this structure benefit the human body?
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8. Central Nervous System (cont’d.)
brain (cont’d)
ventricles: spaces within the cerebrum that contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF): clear, colorless fluid to cushion the brain and spinal column from shock; transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste
Note that the common medical term ventricles is also applied to the brain.
What might be the most important function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? Why is this an important function?
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9. Central Nervous System (cont’d.)
brain (cont’d)
cerebellum: often called the hindbrain, located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Its function is to assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balance.
brainstem: stemlike portion of the brain; connects with the spinal cord.
When was the function of the cerebellum first described?
Cerebellum literally means “little brain” and is a derivative of cerebrum.
What does cerebrum mean?
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10. Central Nervous System (cont’d.)
brain (cont’d)
pons: literally means “bridge.” It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem.
medulla oblongata: located between pons and spinal cord; contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure.
Discuss the concept of the pons bridging various sections of the brain.
What would happen to brain function if there were no pons?
What would result from an injury to the medulla oblongata?
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11. Central Nervous System (cont’d.)
spinal cord
passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra; conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain.
Discuss how the spinal cord is the primary neural pathway in the body.
What happens to the nervous system past the second lumbar vertebra?
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12. Central Nervous System (cont’d.)
spinal cord
meninges: 3 layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord
dura mater: tough outer layer
arachnoid: delicate middle layer; the arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space
pia mater: thin inner layer of the meanings
The Latin translation of the first and third layers of the meninges are dura mater, meaning “hard mother,” and pia mater, meaning “soft mother.”
What do the terms hard mother and soft mother indicate about the structure of the meninges?
What is the significance of the word “mother” in describing the meninges?
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13. Brain and Spinal Cord
This is an illustration of the brain and spinal cord.
Note how the spinal cord ends with a branch-like structure called the cauda equina, which resembles a “horse’s tail.”
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14. Spinal Cord Showing Layers of Meninges
This is an illustration of the spinal cord showing the layers of the meninges.
Note the relationship between the dura mater and the pia mater.
Note the spinal nerve and spinal ganglia.
What is the purpose of the spinal nerve and ganglia?
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15. Peripheral Nervous System
nerve: cordlike structure that carries impulses from one part of the body to another
12 pair of cranial nerves
31 pair of spinal nerves
ganglion: group of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system
glia: cells that support and nourish nervous tissue
neuron: conduct nerve empulses
What is the purpose of the peripheral nervous system?
How do the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system work together?
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16. Combining Forms of the Nervous System
cerebell/o
cerebr/o
dur/o
encephal/o
gangli/o, ganglion/o
gli/o
mening/i, meningi/o
myel/o
neur/o
radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o
What is the combining form for “the brain”?
What is the combining form for “nerves”?
Why are there three different combining forms for nerve root?
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17. Combining Forms Commonly Used with the Nervous System
esthesi/o
ment/o, psych/o
mon/o
phas/o
poli/o
quadr/i
What does the combining form poli/o refer to?
Why are there two combining forms for “mind”?
What is the combining form for “sensation,” “sensitivity,” and “feeling”?
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18. Suffixes -iatrist -iatry -ictal -paresis
What is the suffix for seizure or attack?
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19. Helpful Information
The combining form myel/o is defined as spinal cord in Chapter 15, although it also means bone marrow, as presented in Chapter 14.
The suffix “-paresis” means slight paralysis while the suffix “-plegia” means paralysis.
Note this helpful information for the combining form and suffix.
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20. Clicker Question Which of the following means slight paralysis
-paresis
-plegia
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21. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts
cerebellitis
cerebral thrombosis
duritis
encephalitis
encephalomalacia
encephalomyeloradiculitis
ganglitis
glioblastoma
glioma
meningitis
meningioma
meningocele
meningomyelocele
mononeuropathy
neuralgia
What is inflammation of the cerebellum?
What does encephalitis mean?
What does the term meningitis mean?
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22. This illustration shows spina bifida and meningomyelocele.
What is the relationship between the meninges, spinal cord, and a harmful protrusion?
meningomyelocele
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23. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
neurasthenia
neuritis
neuroarthropathy
neuroma
neuropathy
poliomyelitis
polyneuritis
polyneuropathy
radiculitis
radiculopathy
rhizomeningomyelitis
subdural hematoma
What is a developing nerve cell called?
What is the difference between neuritis and polyneuritis?
What are symptoms of neurasthenia?
What is the term for an “inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord”?
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24. Clicker Question A blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic
plaque that lodges on a cerebral artery is
called?
cerebral embolism
cerebral thrombosis
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25. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Alzheimer disease (AD)
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Bell palsy
cerebral aneurysm
cerebral embolism
cerebral palsy (CP)
dementia
epilepsy
hydrocephalus
Why is ALS also called Lou Gehrig disease?
What does the term Bell palsy mean?
What are the symptoms of cerebral palsy?
Epilepsy was first described by Hippocrates. How is epilepsy diagnosed?
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26. Bell Palsy
In this illustration of Bell palsy, named after 18th century Scottish physician Charles Bell, one side of the face sags and the eyelid won’t close. This is an example of an eponym.
Is this condition permanent or temporary?
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27. Causes of Stroke What are the causes of stroke and how do they differ?
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28. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
intracerebral
hemorrhage
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Parkinson disease (PD)
sciatica
shingles
stroke
subarachnold
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Parkinson disease, first described in 1817 by English physician James Parkinson, is also called parkinsonism, paralysis agitans, and shaking palsy.
What type of disease is shingles and what causes it?
Would a person suffering a TIA be permanently affected? What is a TIA a precursor for?
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29. Shingles
In this photograph of a patient with shingles, note how the sores follow the nerve path.
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30. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
ganglionectomy
neurectomy
neurolysis
neuroplasty
neurorrhaphy
neurotomy
radicotomy, rhizotomy
What does the term neurectomy mean?
What is an incision into the nerve root called?
What is neurolysis and what does it treat?
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31. rhizotomy or radicotomy
What word parts make up the term that describes the action pictured?
Note the surgical instruments used to perform this procedure.
rhizotomy or radicotomy
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32. Chapter 15
Lesson 15.2
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33. Objectives
Define, pronounce and spell diagnostic terms related to the nervous system.
Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the nervous system.
Define, pronounce and spell behavioral health terms
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the nervous system.
Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.
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34. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts
Diagnostic imaging
cerebral angiography
CT myelography
Neurodiagnostic procedures
electroencephalogram (EEG)
electroencephalograph
electroencephalography
What is cerebral angiography?
What is CT myelography used to measure?
What is the process of recording the brain using sound?
What does an electroencephalograph measure?
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35. Clicker Question Correct labeling of the diagram is: CT myelography
CT mylography
In CT myelography, what is the role of the injected contrasting agent?
Clicker question
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36. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Diagnostic imaging
computed tomography of the brain (CT scan)
magnetic resonance imaging of the brain or spine (MRI scan)
positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan)
Neurodiagnostic procedures
evoked potential studies (EP studies)
What are the similarities between a CT scan, an MRI, and a PET scan?
How would the choice of diagnostic imaging be determined?
What are EP studies and what do they show?
The first CT unit was used in England in 1971.
The MRI was developed in England and first used in the United States in 1981.
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37. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Other
lumbar puncture (LP)
What is a lumbar puncture used for?
Is it invasive or noninvasive?
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38. Lumbar Puncture with Needle in Place
Note the illustration of the lumbar puncture. What is another term for this procedure?
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39. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
gliocyte
hemiparesis
hemiplegia
hyperesthesia
interictal
intracerebral
anesthesia
aphasia
cephalalgia
cerebral
craniocerebral
dysphasia
encephalosclerosis
What does the term cephalalgia mean?
What is the medical term for difficulty in speaking?
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40. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (con’t)
monoparesis
monoplegia
myelomalacia
neuroid
neurologist
neurology
paresthesia
panplegia
postictal
quadriplegia
subdural
What does a neurologist do?
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41. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
afferent
ataxia
cognitive
coma
concussion
conscious
convulsion
disorientation
dysarthria
efferent
gait
incoherent
paraplegia
seizure
shunt
syncope
unconsciousness
Paraplegia is derived from the Greek para meaning “beside” and plegia meaning “paralysis.”
Paraplegia first meant paralysis of any limb, now it refers to paralysis from the waist down.
How is a shunt different from a stent?
What does the medical term syncope mean?
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42. 1. Hemiplegia. 2. Paraplegia. 3. Quadriplegia.
In the picture, note the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia.
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43. Behavioral Health Terms Built from Word Parts
psychiatrist
psychiatry
psychogenic
psychologist
psychology
psychopathy
psychosis
psychosomatic
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44. Behavioral Health Terms Not Built from Word Parts
anorexia nervosa
anxiety disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
bipolar disorder
bulimia nervosa
major depression
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
panic attack
phobia
pica
posttraumatic stress
disorder
schizophrenia
somatoform disorders
What are the symptoms of an anxiety disorder? Is a panic attack part of an anxiety disorder?
What is the difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
What causes posttraumatic stress disorder?
What are the symptoms of a major depression?
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45. Clicker Question PTSD is the abbreviation for
posttraumatic schizophrenia disease
posttraumatic stress disorder
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46. Abbreviations AD LP ADHD MRI scan ALS OCD CP PD CSF PET scan CVA PNS
EEG
EP studies LP
MRI scan
OCD PD
PET scan
PNS
PTSD
TIA
What does ADHD mean?
What does CSF mean?
What does MS mean?
What does ALS mean?
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47. Read Medical Terms in Use
A 78-year-old right-handed man presented to the
Emergency Department with a right hemiparesis,
expressive aphasia, and no apparent cognitive decline.
He has a history of hypertension and 2 years ago had a
transient ischemic attack. A computed tomography scan
of the brain was negative for an intracerebral
hemorrhage. A neurologist was consulted. She
confirmed the diagnosis of a ischemic stroke after
magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated
an ischemic area of the left cerebral cortex caused by a
cerebral embolism.
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