1. Computer Architecture & Operations I
Instructor: Yaohang Li

2. Review Last Class This Class Next Class Syllabus Moore’s Law
Classes of Computers
Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Representations
This Class
Program and Computer
Compiler, Assembler, and Linker
Components of a Computer
Next Class
Computer Performance

3. Understanding Computer Performance
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Algorithm
Determines number of operations executed
Programming language, compiler, architecture
Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation
Processor and memory system
Determine how fast instructions are executed
I/O system (including OS)
Determines how fast I/O operations are executed
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

4. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Below Your Program
Application software
Written in high-level language
System software
Compiler: translates High Level Language code to machine code
Operating System: service code
Handling input/output
Managing memory and storage
Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
Hardware
Processor, memory, I/O controllers
§1.2 Below Your Program
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

5. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Levels of Program Code
High-level language
Level of abstraction closer to problem domain
Provides for productivity and portability
Assembly language
Symbolic representation of instructions
Hardware representation
Binary digits (bits)
Encoded instructions and data
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

6. Compiler Function of Compiler
Convert programs in high-level language to programs in assembly language

7. Example: C Compiler
C program
Assembly Program

8. Assembler Assembler Assembly Language
Translates assembly language into binary instructions
Assembly Language
Use symbols instead of 0’s and 1’s
More readable

9. Binary Instructions
MIPS binary code for summing 0 to 100 square

10. Linker Separate Compilation Linker
Allows a program to be split into pieces that are stored in different files
Each file contains a logically related collection of subroutines and data structures that form a module
Can be compiled separately
Can be reused
Linker
Merge Modules together

11. Functions of a Linker

12. Tasks of a Linker
Search the program libraries to find library routines used by the program
Determine the memory locations that code from each module will occupy and relocates its instructions by adjusting absolute references
Resolves references among modules
Matching references

13. Relationship Among Compiler, Assembler, and Linker

14. Example: gcc compiler
Compile a simple program
gcc –v test.c

15. Components of a Computer
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Components of a Computer
§1.3 Under the Covers
Same components for all kinds of computer
Desktop, server, embedded
Input/output includes
User-interface devices
Display, keyboard, mouse
Storage devices
Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash
Network adapters
For communicating with other computers
The BIG Picture
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

16. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Anatomy of a Computer
Output device
Network cable
Input device
Input device
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

17. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Anatomy of a Mouse
Optical mouse
LED illuminates desktop
Small low-res camera
Basic image processor
Looks for x, y movement
Buttons & wheel
Supersedes roller-ball mechanical mouse
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

18. Through the Looking Glass
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Through the Looking Glass
LCD screen: picture elements (pixels)
Mirrors content of frame buffer memory
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

19. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Opening the Box
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

20. Inside the Processor (CPU)
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Inside the Processor (CPU)
Datapath: performs operations on data
Control: sequences datapath, memory, ...
Cache memory
Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

21. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Inside the Processor
AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

22. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Abstractions
The BIG Picture
Abstraction helps us deal with complexity
Hide lower-level detail
Instruction set architecture (ISA)
The hardware/software interface
Application binary interface
The ISA plus system software interface
Implementation
The details underlying and interface
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

23. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
A Safe Place for Data
Volatile main memory
Loses instructions and data when power off
Non-volatile secondary memory
Magnetic disk
Flash memory
Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

24. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Networks
Communication and resource sharing
Local area network (LAN): Ethernet
Within a building
Wide area network (WAN: the Internet)
Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

25. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
May 27, 2018
Technology Trends
Electronics technology continues to evolve
Increased capacity and performance
Reduced cost
DRAM capacity
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

26. Summary Performance of a Computer Compiler Assembler Linker
Components of a Computer

27. What I want you to do
Review Chapter 1