1. Skill

2. What is ability?
“Abilities are enduring characteristics which underlie a person’s potential to acquire skill in one sport or another” (Sharp)
1) Abilities are innate – inherited from our parents
2) Enduring – remain stable over time, some development can occur due to training.
3) Ability underpins skill – various abilities combine, which allow movement to occur.

3. Examples of Abilities Strength Balance Agility Co-ordination Stamina
Outline the abilities required for a skill within your chosen sport?
If the performer does not have the innate abilities required for a particular skill, they will never achieve excellence.

4. Fleishman’s classification of abilities
Gross Motor Abilities or Physical Proficiency abilities – Those that involve movement and often linked to fitness
Perceptual motor abilities – Those that involve processing information and implementing the movement.

5. Fleishman’s (1964) classification of abilities
1. Gross Motor Abilities
A series of underlying characteristics that contribute to moving a limb or limbs successfully.
Innate inherited traits
Every skill would require the combination of two or more of these abilities
Perceptual Motor Abilities
Related to the process of receiving, recognising, selecting and organising information that we receive from our senses.

6. What is skill? What is the difference between skill and ability?
Skill is “The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty, often with the minimum outlay of time or energy or both” (Knapp)
1) skills are learned
2) skills have an end goal.
3) this goal is achieved with consistency.
4) minimal energy and time to accomplish.

7. Examples of skills Running Throwing Jumping Catching
What specific skills are relevant to your sport?
What makes one performance more highly skilled than another?

8. Different types of Skill…..
To perform a skill we must ……
Receive information from the environment
Understand the information we have received.
Select and use the correct physical response.
This all takes a very short amount of time!

9. Different types of skill
Cognitive skill – The use of the brain to reason and problem solve as a result of learning and experience.
Perceptual skill - selecting, interpreting and making sense of the information from our senses.
Motor skill – Skills that involve physical movement.
Psycho-motor skill – A combination of the perceptual and motor skills. Interpretation of environmental stimuli and the execution of movement.

10. Example A tennis player waiting to return serve
Watching opponent – foot position, body shape, arm action e.t.c. Perceptual
Make a prediction about where the ball is going to go – Cognitive
As they serve you begin to move to play the return – Motor.
You decide which shot you are going to play – Cognitive
You get into the correct position and perform a back hand to win the point – Psycho-motor.
Activity
For your chosen activity, identify when each type of skill would be used during a personal performance.

11. Classification of skills
The process of classifying skills is commonly based on the use of a continuum or sliding scale.
Open/Closed Continuum
This is based on the influence of the environment
Gross/Fine Continuum
This is based on the amount of muscular movement and the precision required during the execution of the skill.
OPEN CLOSED
soccer soccer tennis tennis springboard shot
goal save pass stroke serve dive putt
GROSS FINE
weight javelin Basketball cricket golf ten pin darts/
lifting throw lay up stroke putt bowling snooker

12. 3. Self paced/externally paced continuum
This is based on the amount of control the performer has over the execution and timing of the movement.
4. Discrete/Serial/Continuous Continuum
This is based on the relationship between the sub routines and identification of the beginning and end of a movement.
EXTERNALLY-PACED SELF-PACED
yachting tennis soccer Gymnastics tennis weight
receiving serve game serve lifting
DISCRETE SERIAL CONTINUOUS
weight A Somersault javelin Triple jump Swimming running
lifting throw

13. What is the relationship between skill and ability?
In order to perform any skill, we require specific abilities to execute the movement effectively.
Abilities are skill specific.
Case Study
Rowing World Class Start and Potential Programme
It has a remit is to identify future Olympic Athletes.
Size and Shape
Power
Muscular Strength
Muscular Endurance
Heather Stanning learnt to row at the University. She won Gold at the U23 World Championships and is the current Silver Senior medal winner.

14. Homework Complete worksheets 103,104,105 + 107
Write up the practical lesson using the four classification continuums. Add another two skills on each continuum making sure you are able to justify your answer.