2. Mercury

3. VENUS
MARS
EARTH

4. VENUS

5. VENUS VOLCANOES _ PANCAKE DOMES

6. MARS - THE RED PLANET

8. MARS: The Red Planet Mars is the 4th planet from the
Sun and the seventh largest
orbit: 227,940,000 km from Sun
diameter: 6,794 km
mass: e23 kg
Surface temperatures on Mars vary from
150 K (-220 F) to 295 K (70 F).
Mars has a very thin atmosphere composed of :
carbon dioxide (95.3%)
nitrogen (2.7%),
argon (1.6%) and
traces of oxygen (0.15%) and water (0.03%).
Mars has permanent ice caps at both poles
composed mostly of solid carbon dioxide ("dry ice").
There may be water ice hidden below the surface at lower
latitudes.

9. MARS VOLCANOES – SHIELD VOLCANOES

10. Giovanni Schiaparelli
Described “canali” on Mars in He meant channels but “canali” has incorrectly been translated as “canals”.

11. WHAT ARE THESE SURFACE FEATURES?

12. Dunes
Gullies
Evidence of recent? water

13. LIFE ON MARS??

14. We must first ask some important questions!
LIFE ON MARS?
David McKay et al. (1996) announced the first identification of organic compounds in a Martian meteorite. The authors suggested that these compounds, in conjunction with other structures observed in the rock may be evidence of ancient Martian microorganisms.
WAS THERE LIFE ON MARS?
We must first ask some important questions!

15. How do we know the meteor was from Mars?
It’s nearly certain that meteorite ALH is from Mars, even no rocks have ever been collected on Mars. The strongest evidence for its Martian origin is that ALH contains traces of gas that is just like the Martian atmosphere. The Viking Lander spacecraft analyzed the Martian atmosphere in It is different from the Earth’s atmosphere, or Venus’, or any other source of gas that’s ever been found.

16. What is the evidence for ancient Martian life?
Carbonate globules that contain Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). These are organic molecules that are common products of the fossilization of
microorganisms

17. a) carbonate globules b) fossil structures?
The globules contains several unusual mineral phases commonly produced by microbes;
When examined by an electron microscope, it reveals tiny sausage-shaped structures that resemble tiny microfossils.
In addition, the features suggestive of biological activity all appear in the same locations with the rock.

18. How Good is the Evidence?
Individually, each structure occurs
in non-living systems;
Together they are suggestive of life
but -
No structure resembles a cell
or cell organelle. It is seems
prudent to follow Carl Sagan’s
advice: “ Extraordinary claims
require extraordinary evidence.”
At the present time the evidence
is not good enough to substantiate
claims of martian life

19. THE FACE ON MARS

20. a) Mercury b) Mars
c) The Moon

21. The Gas Giants
Jupiter
Saturn
Neptune
Uranus

22. liquid water underneath?
Jupiter’s Moon Europa
Icy Surface.
Do cracks indicate
liquid water underneath?

23. The Earth is layered like an onion

24. How do we know that the Earth is a layered sphere?
Data From Observation/Experiment
Meteorite Data – meteorites at least 35% Fe. Earth’s Crust is only 6% Fe.
Rocks brought up from Mantle by tectonic processes are denser than the crust.
Moon Rocks – all data suggest that the Earth’s crust is too light.
Stony -Iron Meteorites – appear re-melted & differentiated.

25. 2) Hypothesis: The Iron Catastrophe
The Early Earth is homogeneous & cool.
The Earth begins to heat up due to:
impacts from meteorites
gravitational contraction
radioactivity
At 2000o C Iron melts and the Earth
differentiates based on density.
The light elements like Oxygen, Silicon,
and Aluminum float to the surface to
form the crust. The heavy elements like
Iron sink into the center to form the core.
The mantle is intermediate.
3) Let’s Test The Hypothesis that most
of the Missing Iron is in the Core.

26. Eratosthenes Experiment
Distance from Alexandria to Syene = 786km
7o = 1/50th of a circle (360o)
50 X 786km = 39,300 km
Actual Circumference of Earth is 40,008 km

27. 2) Volume = 4/3r2; volume in cm3 3) Mass = gr2/G; where:
DENSITY OF THE EARTH
1)Circumference = 2r; radius in cm
2) Volume = 4/3r2; volume in cm3
3) Mass = gr2/G; where:
g = gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2)
r = radius (m)
G = gravitational constant 6.7 X 10-11
4) Density = Mass (kg)/ Volume (cm3)

28. 4) Density = Mass (kg)/ Volume (cm3)
DENSITY OF THE EARTH
1) Circumference = 2r
40,008 km = 2 r; r = 6.37 X 108 cm
2) Volume = 4/3r3;
V =( 4/3)(3.14)(6.37 X 108 )3
= 1.08 X 1027 cm3
3) Mass = gr2/G;
M = (9.8)(6.37 X 106 )2
6.67 X 10-11
= 5.96 X 1024
4) Density = Mass (kg)/ Volume (cm3)
D = 5.96 X = 5.5 X 10-3 kg/cm3
1.08 X 1027
= 5.5 X g/cm3

29. 2) EVIDENCE FROM PRECESSION

30. EVIDENCE FROM SEISMIC WAVES

31. EVIDENCE FROM SEISMIC WAVES

32. INTERIOR OF THE EARTH

33. CONVECTION
Energy Transfer where hot, buoyant material rises replacing cool, denser material, which sinks.