1. Definitions, intro, history
Operating System
Definitions, intro, history

2. Layers of Computing Systems
Communications
Applications
Operating Systems
Programming
Hardware
Information

3. Operating systems layer

4. Types of software Application software System software
is written to address our specific needs to solve problems in the real world.
Ex: Word processing programs, games, inventory control systems, automobile, diagnostic programs, and missile guidance programs
System software
manages a computer system at a fundamental level and interacts directly with the hardware
provides the tools and an environment in which application software can be created and run. (e.g. library of graphics software that renders images on a display)
Ex: utility software (antivirus software, backup software and disk tools), device drivers (drivers for  keyboards, printers, scanners, digital cameras and external storage devices) and firmware (BIOS (Basic Input/Output system) on PC, timing and control systems for washing machines and etc)
Operating system (the core of system software)
manages computer resources, such as memory and input/output devices,
provides an interface through which a human can interact with the computer.

5. What is OS glue software foundation policeman (traffic warden)
that holds the hardware and software together.
software foundation
on which all other software rests, allowing us to write programs that interact with the machine.
policeman (traffic warden)
an operating system organizes the efficient flow of programs through a computer system.

6. What is what? Categorize into application software and system software
Opera (Web Browser) 
Assembler
MySQL (Database Software) 
Microsoft Powerpoint (Presentation Software) 
iTunes (Music / Sound Software) 
DOS (Disk Operating System)
World of Warcraft (Game Software) 
Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)
Disk cleaners (remove any unnecessary files)
Disk defragmenters (re-organize file fragments on a hard disk drive to increase performance)

7. OS Roles Coordinates access to physical resources Provides services
CPU, memory, disk, i/o devices, etc.
Provides services
Protection
Scheduling
Memory management
File systems
Synchronization
etc.

8. OS as Government Makes lives easy Makes lives fair Makes lives safe
Promises everyone whole machine (dedicated CPU, infinite memory, …)
Provides standardized services (standard libraries, window systems, …)
Makes lives fair
Arbitrates competing resource demands
Makes lives safe
Prevents accidental or malicious damage by one program to another

9. “pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps,”
booting the computer.
Turn-on PC
Computer hardware loads a small set of system instructions stored in permanent memory (ROM).
These instructions load a larger portion of system software from secondary memory, usually a magnetic disk.
Eventually all key elements of the operating system software are loaded, start-up programs are executed, the user interface is provided, and the system is ready for use.

10. Important OS topics
Multiprogramming - is the technique of keeping multiple programs in main memory at the same time; these programs compete for access to the CPU so that they can execute
Memory management - The act of keeping track of how and where programs are loaded in main memory
Process management - The act of keeping track of information for active processes
CPU scheduling – The act of determining which process in memory is given access to the CPU so that it may execute

11. Development of OS paradigms (History)
Phase 0: User at console
Phase 1: Batch processing
Phase 2: Interactive time-sharing
Phase 3: Personal computing

12. Phase 0: User at Console How things work Advantages Disadvantages
One program running at a time
No OS, just a sign-up sheet for reservations
Each user has complete control of machine
Advantages
Interactive!
No one can hurt anyone else
Disadvantages
Reservations not accurate, leads to inefficiency
Loading/ unloading tapes and cards takes forever and leaves the machine idle

13. Phase 1: Batch processing
How things work
Sort jobs and batch those with similar needs to reduce unnecessary setup time
Resident monitor provides “automatic job sequencing”: it interprets “control cards” to automatically run a bunch of programs without human intervention
Advantages
Good utilization of machine -> efficient
Disadvantages
Loss of interactivity
One job can screw up other jobs, need protection

14. Phase 1: Batch processing
The term batch evolved to mean a system in which programs and system resources are coordinated and executed without interaction between the user and the program.

15. Phase 2: Interactive time-sharing
How things work
Multiple users per single machine
OS with multiprogramming and memory protection
Advantages
Interactivity
Sharing of resources
Disadvantages
Does not always provide reasonable response time

16. Phase 3: Personal Computing
How things work
One machine per person
OS with multiprogramming and memory protection
Advantages
Interactivity
Good response times
Disadvantages
Sharing is harder

17. Seminars: flipped classroom
Topics for the seminar
Kernel (what is it, different structures)
Core utility and system software

18. Bibliography
Dale, Computer Science Illuminated, Chapter 10, 11, end of the book exercises
J. Brookshear, An Overview of Computer Science 11th ed (intro txt) - (Pearson, 2012) BBS
Randy Wang, Operating Systems, System Calls, and Buffered I/O