1. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING QUESTION AND ANSWERS

2. Agile Process a) Agile Methods: Methods to overcome perceive
30) Define the terms:
Agile Methods
Agile Process a) Agile Methods:
Methods to overcome perceive
and actual weakness in conventional
software engineering
To accommodate changes in environment, requirements and use cases
b) Agile Process:
Focus on Team Structures, Team Communications, Rapid Delivery of software and it de-emphasis importance of intermediate product
31) What is the Use of Process Technology Tools:
Help Software Organizations
Analyze their current process
Organize work task
Control and Monitor Progress
Manage Technical Quality
Technology Tools? Use of Process

3. Problem – Based Estimation Process – Based Estimation
32) Define the term Scripts. Scripts:
Specific Process Activities and other detailed work functions that are part of team process
33) What is the Objective of the Project Planning Process? Objective of the Project Planning Process:
To provide framework that enables manager to make reasonable estimates of resources, cost and schedule
34) What are the Decomposition Techniques:
Software Sizing
Problem – Based Estimation
Process – Based Estimation
Estimation with Use – Cases
Reconciling Estimates
Techniques? Decomposition

4. Pessimistic(Spess) estimates S = (Sopt+4Sm+Spess)/6
35) How do we compute the “Expected Value” for Software Size?
Expected value for estimation variable(size), S, can be Weighted Average of Optimistic(Sopt), most likely(Sm),
compute as
and
Pessimistic(Spess) estimates
S = (Sopt+4Sm+Spess)/6
36) What is an Object Point? Object Point:
Count is determined by multiplying original number of object instances by weighting factor and summing to obtain total object point count
37) What is the difference between the “Known Risks” and Predictable Risks”?
Known Risks:
That can be uncovered after careful evaluation of the project plan, the business, and technical environment in which the product is being developed
Example: Unrealistic delivery rate Predictable Risks:
Extrapolated from past project experience
Example: Staff turnover

5. Basic Principles of Software Project Scheduling: Compartmentalization
38) List out the basic principles of software project scheduling?
Basic Principles of Software Project Scheduling:
Compartmentalization
Interdependency
Time Allocation
Effort Validation
Defined Responsibilities
Defined Outcomes
39)What is meant by Cardinality and Modality?
Cardinality:
The number of occurrence of one object related to the number of occurrence of another object
One to One [1:1]
One to Many [1: N]
Many to Many [M: N] Modality:
Whether or not a particular Data Object must participate in the relationship

6. Describe what customer requires
40) What are the Objectives of Requirement Requirement Analysis:
Describe what customer requires
Establish a basis for creation of software design
Analysis?
Objectives of
Define a set of requirements that can be validated once the design is built
41) What are the two additional feature of Hayley Pirbhai Model?
User Interface Processing
Maintenance and Self-Test Processing
software
42) Define System Context Diagram[SCD]?
System Context Diagram[SCD]:
Establish information boundary between System being implemented and Environment which system operate
Defines all external producers, external consumers and entities that communicate through User Interface

7. System Flow Diagram[SFD]: Indicates Information flow across SCD region
43) Define System Flow Diagram[SFD]?
System Flow Diagram[SFD]:
Indicates Information flow across SCD region
Used to guide system engineer in developing system
44) What are the Requirements Engineering Process Functions?
Inception
Elicitation
Elaboration
Negotiation
Specification
Validation
Management
45)Define SQA Plan.
SQA Plan:
Provides roadmap for instituting SQA
Plan serves as template for SQA activities that instituted for each software project

8. Specification or product that has been formally
46) What is Baseline criteria in SCM?
Help to control Change
Specification or product that has been formally
Reviewed and agreed upon serves as basis for future development
That can be change only through formal change control procedures
47) Define Status Reporting?
Also called Configuration Status Reporting
Is a SCM task that answers
What Happened?
Who did it?
When did it happen?
What else will be affected?

9. New Business or Market Condition New Customer Needs
48) What is the Origin of changes that are requested Change:
New Business or Market Condition
New Customer Needs
Reorganization or business growth/downsizing
Budgetary or Scheduling constraints
49) List out the Elements of SCM? Elements of SCM:
Component Elements
Process Elements
Construction Elements
Human Elements
for software?
Origin Of
50) What are the Features supported by SCM? SCM:
Versioning
Dependency tracking and change Management
Requirements tracking
Configuration Management
Audit trails
Features supported by

10. Objectives of SCM Process:
51) What are the Objectives of SCM Process?
Objectives of SCM Process:
Identify all items, collectively define software configuration
Manage changes to one or more these items
Facilitate construction of different version of an application
Ensure that the software quality is maintained
52) What are the issues to be considered Management?
Context
People
Scalability
53) Define CASE Tools.
CASE Tools:
Computer Aided Software Engineering
It is a System software
for developing tactics for WebApp
Configuration
Provide Automated support for software process activities
Includes program used to support software process activities
Such as Requirement Analysis, System Modeling, Debugging and Testing

11. Implicit characteristics, expected for professional developed software
54) How do we define Software Quality?
Software Quality:
Conformance to explicitly stated functional and performance requirements, explicitly documented development standards
Implicit characteristics, expected for professional developed software
55) Define the terms:
Quality of Design
Quality of Conformance
Quality of Design:
Characteristics, designer specify fro an item
Quality of Conformance:
Degree to which design specifications are followed during manufacturing
56) What are the Type of CASE Tools?
Types of CASE Tools:
Upper CASE Tools
Lower CASE Tools
57) Define Software Reliability?
Software Reliability: Probability of failure-free operation of computer program in a specified environment for a specified time

12. Document Review and Adequacy of audit Compliance Audit Registration
58) How the Registration process of ISO 9000 certification is done?
Registration process of ISO 9000 certification has the following stages
application
Pre-assessment
Document Review and Adequacy of audit
Compliance Audit
Registration
Continued Surveillance
59) What are the
Quality:
Factors of
Software
Quality?
Portability
Usability
Reusability
Correctness
Maintainability

13. Define software engineering?
According to IEEE, Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation and maintenance of software.
What are the categories of software?
System software
Application software Embedded software Web Applications
Artificial Intelligence software Scientific software.
Define testing?
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding of an error.
What is Black box testing?
Black box testing is a test case design method that focuses on the functional requirements of the software. It is otherwise called as functional testing.

14. What is verification and validation?
Verification refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly implements a specific function.
Validation refers to the set of activities that ensure that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements
What is debugging?
Debugging is the process that results in the removal of error. It occurs as a consequence of successful testing.
What is error tracking?
Error tracking is an activity that provides a means for assessing the status of a current project.
What are case tools?
Computer Aided Software Engineering - CASE tools assist software engineering managers and practitioners in every activity associated with the software process. They automate project management activities manage all work products produced throughout the process and assist the engineers in their analysis, design, coding and test work.

15. What is data design?
Data design transforms the information domain model created during structures that will be required to implement the software.
Define cohesion and coupling?
Cohesion is a measure of the relative functional strength of a module.
Coupling is a measure of the relative interdependence among modules.
What are the different types of Cohesion?
There are different types of Cohesion are Coincidental Cohesion
Logical Cohesion Temporal Cohesion
Procedural Cohesion Communicational Cohesion
analysis
into
the data

16. What are the different types of coupling?
There are different types of coupling are Data coupling
Stamp coupling
Control coupling External coupling Common coupling
Content coupling
What is user interface design?
User interface design creates an effective communication
medium between a human and a
computer.
What is meant by specification?
A specification can be a written document, a graphical model, a formal mathematical model, a collection of usage scenarios, a prototype or any combination of these.
Define process?
A series of steps involving activities, constraints, and resources that produce an intended output of some kind is known as process.

17. How spiral model works?
The spiral model is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the waterfall lifecycle model. It also has an emphasis on the use of risk management techniques.
What is winwin spiral model?
Winwin spiral model defines a set of negotiation activities at the beginning of each the spiral. The best negotiations strive for a win-win result.
pass
around
Mention the various views in system engineering hierarchy?
The various views in system engineering hierarchy from top to bottom in order are
World view
Domain view
Element view
Detailed view
What is software requirements definition?
A software requirements definition is an abstract description of the services which should provide and the constraints under which the system must operate.
the
system

18. What is SDLC?
A software cycle deals with various parts and phases from planning to testing and deploying. All these activities are carried out in different ways, as per the needs. Each way is known as a Software Development Lifecycle Model (SDLC).
What are data acquisition systems?
Systems that collects data from sensors for subsequent processing and analysis are termed as Data acquisition systems. Data collection process and processing processes may have different periods and deadlines.
Define software configuration model?
SCM is the art of identifying, organizing, and controlling modifications to the software being built
by a programming team. It is an umbrella activity process.
What are the SCM activities?
SCM activities are developed to Identify change
Control change
Ensure that change is being properly implemented Report changes to others who may have an interest.
that is applied throughout the software

19. What are the advantages and disadvantages of white box testing
What are the advantages and disadvantages of white box testing? Advantages:
Software’s structure logic can be tested.
Disadvantages:
Doesn’t ensure that user requirements are met. Its test may not mimic real world situations.
What is meant by loop testing?
Loop testing is a white box testing techniques that focuses exclusively on the validity of loop constructs. This technique can be applied to simple loops, nested loops, concatenated loops and unstructured loops.
What is meant by smoke testing?
Smoke testing is an integration testing approach that is commonly used when “shrink wrapped”
software products are being developed.
What is alpha and beta tests?
Alpha test is the test that is conducted at the developer’s site by a customer. Beta test is the test that is conducted at one or more customer sites by the end-user of the software.

20. What is meant by system testing?
System testing is actually a series of different tests whose primary purpose is to fully exercise
the computer based system. It verifies whether the system integrated and perform the allocated functions.
Mention the categories of debugging approaches?
There are three categories of debugging approaches as follows: Brute force
Back tracking Cause elimination Define metric?
elements have been properly
IEEE93 defines as a quantitative measure of the degree to which process possesses a given attribute.
a system,
component, or

21. Mention some of the process models appropriate for the software to be engineered?
Linear sequential or waterfall model Prototyping model
Rad model
Incremental model Spiral model
Win win spiral model
Component based development model
What is adaptive maintenance?
Adaptive maintenance is the maintenance to adapt software to a different operating environment. It involves changing a system so that it operates in a different environment from its initial implementation.

22. What are the advantages and disadvantages of black box testing
What are the advantages and disadvantages of black box testing? Advantages:
Simulates actual system usage.
makes no system structure assumptions.
Disadvantages:
Potential of missing logical errors in software. Possibility of redundant testing.
What are the broad categories of system requirements?
System requirements may be either functional or non-functional requirements.
What are user requirements?
User requirements should describe functional and non-functional requirements so that they are understandable by system users who don’t have detailed technical knowledge. User requirements are defined using natural language, tables and diagrams.
What is test scenario?
Test scenario is the hypothetical story to test the particular functionality of an application. It serves as an input to functional testing. For test scenario we need use case.

23. Define an analysis model?
An analysis model is a set of models that serves as the technical representation of system.
Define prototype?
Prototype is an initial version of a software system which is used to demonstrate concepts, try out design options and generally to find out more about the problem and its possible solutions.
What is the function of the user model?
The user model establishes the profile of end users of the system.
What is system image?
The system image combines the outward manifestation of the computer based system, coupled with all supporting information that describes system syntax and semantics.
What is transform mapping?
Transform mapping is a set of design steps that allows a DFD with transform flow characteristics to be mapped into a specific architectural style.
What is traceability matrix?
Traceability matrix is a document in which we map the test cases with the requirements. In general, we check whether the application works as per requirements or whether we had covered all the required functionality through test cases.

24. List the metrics for specifying non functional requirements?
The possible metrics that specify the non-functional requirements are: Speed
Size
Ease of use Reliability
What is the difference between black box testing and white box testing? Black box testing:
No knowledge of the internal logic of the system is used to develop test c Uses validation techniques.
Applied during later stages of testing.
ases.
Examples include unit testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing.
White box testing:
Knowledge of the internal logic of the system is used to develop test cases. Uses verification techniques
Performed early in the testing process.

25. Mention the various types of maintenance?
The various types of maintenance are: Corrective maintenance
Adaptive maintenance
Perfective maintenance Preventive maintenance
What is the difference between software engineering and system engineering?
System Engineering - is concerned with all aspects of computer based systems development including hardware, software and process engineering.
System Engineering - are involves in system specification architectural design integration and deployment.

26. Thanks…