1. An Introduction to Lead

2. The younger generation
Lead in the human body
General facts
The younger generation
Industries and uses
Industries and uses 2.0 25 50 75
100
After all questions have been answered, click on the “Final Jeopardy” hyperlink for the final question.
Final Jeopardy

3. I.  OVERVIEW OF EPI DESIGN STRATEGIES Descriptive Studies - Populations -- ecologic, or correlational, studies - Individuals     Case reports     Case series     Cross-sectional studies Analytical Studies - Observational Studies     Case-control studies     Cohort studies             Retrospective             Prospective - Intervention Studies (Clinical Trials) Lead in the human body 25 Points
Question:
List two ways lead can enter the human body.
Answer:
Inhalation
Dermal
Ingestion

4. Lead in the human body 50 Points
Question:
High levels of blood lead poisoning have been shown to cause coma or death. What have low levels of blood lead poisoning been shown to cause?
Answer:
Behavioral problems (ADHD, learning disabilities, etc.)
Cognitive problems
Hypertension
Osteoporosis

5. Lead in the human body 75 Points
Question: Which of the following systems does exposure to lead affect? Answer: All of these systems. The brain, heart, bones, and kidneys are the most sensitive to lead exposure.
Nervous
Cardiovascular
iii. Skeletal
iv. Urinary

6. Lead in the human body 100 Points
Question: Coupled with malnourishment, which factors allow for greater absorption of lead into the human body? Answer: There is increased absorption if an individual has malnourishment coupled with either low calcium, low Vitamin D or anemia.

7. General facts about lead 25 Points
Question: What are the trends in lead poisoning and screening rates in the US over the past 20 years? Answer: Screening rates have increased while percent of individuals with eBLLs has decreased

8. General facts about lead 50 Points
Question:
Name 3 of the main ways lead enters the environment.
Answer:
Mining
Industries
Consumer Products
Leaded paint
Lead in gasoline

9. General facts about lead 75 Points
Question: According to scientific research, what is the lowest acceptable threshold for lead? Answer: None has been found as all amounts of lead affect the body.

10. General facts about lead 100 Points
Question: According to the CDC, what is the blood lead level threshold for determination of lead poisoning as of 2012? Answer: >5 μg/dL

11. Lead and the younger generation 25 Points
Question:
Which portion of the population is particularly vulnerable to lead and why?
Answer:
Children – it has been shown to affect their brains and bodies causing lifelong health effects. When exposed to lead, 40% is absorbed by children while adults only absorb about 10%.
If the answer is urban or ethnic minorities, that is also correct.

12. Lead and the younger generation 50 Points
Question: What is the most common source of lead exposure for children? Answer: Residual dust from leaded paint in pre-1978 housing stock

13. Lead and the younger generation 75 Points
Question: There is no treatment for lead poisoning. Thus, what is the main goal when responding to cases of childhood lead poisoning? Answer: Find and remove the source of lead exposure.

14. Lead and the younger generation 100 Points
Question: In the US, lead is prohibited in consumer products, but a number of cases every year still come from common consumer products. What is the source of these products? Answer: Importation – In 2013, imported makeup was found to cause lead poisoning in children in Kansas City, and other cases have occurred related to vinyl mini-blinds, painted toys, metal plated jewelry, etc.
Link to news story:

15. Lead industries and uses of lead 25 Points
Question: How do lead industries, such as plastics or lead-acid batteries, release lead into the environment? Answer: Air or dust

16. Lead industries and uses of lead 50 Points
Question: What happened to the lead that was used in vehicles burning leaded gasoline? Answer: Roadside soil – lead does not migrate

17. Lead industries and uses of lead 75 Points
Question: For which transportation method is lead still used in gasoline? Answer: Airplanes

18. Lead industries and uses of lead 100 Points
Question:
Lead co-occurs with many other minerals, and thus was released into the environment even if it was not the target. Name 2 of these minerals.
Answer:
Silver
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Newer mining techniques are less likely to contaminate the environment.
picture:
Mine in Cumbria, England.

19. Lead industries and uses of lead, 2.0 25 Points
Question: Before 1978, a majority of the houses in the US used leaded paint. Although it is banned today, pre-1978 houses still contain a large amount of lead paint, and it is seldom entirely removed. This is a process called full lead abatement. What is the main reason why lead paint is rarely completely removed from houses? Answer: Cost, it is approximately $40,000 for a full lead abatement

20. Lead industries and uses of lead, 2.0 50 Points
Question: Why was paint with lead preferred over latex-based paint? Answer: The paints did not break down as fast in UV light and thus lasted longer than non-lead paint. They were also antibacterial, anti-mold, and contained antifouling properties.

21. Lead industries and uses of lead, 2.0 75 Points
Question: In what year was lead banned from residential paint in the US due to health concerns? Answer: 1978

22. Lead industries and uses of lead, 2.0 100 Points
Question:
Why was tetraethyl lead originally added to gasoline?
Answer:
To improve engine performance
Reduce knocking
Increase octane
Boost efficiency
Advertisement for a lead compound used in cars.
Picture:

23. Final Jeopardy!
Make your wagers. Question: When was the earliest known use of lead by humans? Answer: 3500 BCE