1. Shaping a New Nation
Americans adopt the Articles of Confederation. A new constitution is ratified after Federalists agree to include a Bill of Rights.
James Madison, 4th president of the United States.
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2. Shaping a New Nation SECTION 1 Experimenting with Confederation
Drafting the Constitution
Ratifying the Constitution
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3. Experimenting with Confederation Section 1
Americans adopt the Articles of Confederation but find the new government too weak to solve the nation’s problems.
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4. Warm Up Journal Qs Should a high School classroom be a pure
Democracy where the majority vote decides
things? What about your sports team?
Why or why not?

5. Experimenting with Confederation1
SECTION
Experimenting with Confederation
Americans Debate Republicanism
Colonies Become States
• People consider self-governing colonies basic political unit
- colonists give their allegiance to colony
- idea persists when colonies become states
Quick Name three ways NJ is better than NY!
Continued . . .
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6. Unity Through a Republic1
SECTION
continued Americans Debate Republicanism
Unity Through a Republic
• Middle/Upper class Colonists believe democracy gives too much power to uneducated
• Prefer republic—citizens rule through elected representatives
• Views of republicanism, government based on consent of people:
- John Dickinson: put nation’s good above self
- Adam Smith and followers: pursue own interests
Image
Continued . . .
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7. State Constitutions Political Precedents 1
SECTION
continued Americans Debate Republicanism
State Constitutions
• Many states limit powers of government leaders
• Guarantee specific rights to citizens; stress liberty, not equality
• Only white males can vote; in some states must own property
Political Precedents
• Previous republican governments cannot be adapted to U.S. needs:
• Ancient Greece, Rome, Italian city-states did not last
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8. The Continental Congress Debates1
SECTION
The Continental Congress Debates
Representation by Population or by State?
• Size, population varies; represent people or states in Congress?
• Congress believes it represents states; every state gets one vote
Supreme Power: Can It Be Divided?
• Confederation or alliance: national government, states share powers
• 1st govt of US: Articles of Confederation—laws assigning national, state powers
• National government handles war, treaties, weights, measures, mail
• No executive (president with real powers) or court system (Supreme Crt) established to enforce, interpret laws
Continued . . .
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9. Western Lands: Who Gets Them?1
SECTION
continued The Continental Congress Debates
Western Lands: Who Gets Them?
• By 1779, 12 states approve Articles of Confederation
• Maryland approves when western land claims given to U.S.
• Articles of Confederation go into effect March 1781
Map
Governing the Western Lands
• Land Ordinance of 1785 creates plan for surveying western lands
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787—plan how territories gain statehood
The ordinance stated that the new territories were to be administered by the Congress, not by other states, and that the territories could petition for statehood once they reached a population of 60,000 people.
Map
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10. Have you ever lived in or visited these states?

11. The Confederation Encounters Problems1
SECTION
The Confederation Encounters Problems
Political and Economic Problems
• Confederation lacks unity; states pursue own interests
• Congress amasses huge debt during Revolutionary War
• Congress could not force states to do anything!
Chart
Borrowers Versus Lenders
• Creditors favor high taxes so they will be paid back
• Taxes put farmers in debt; many lose land and livestock
• Debtors want large supply paper money; creditors want small supply
Continued . . .
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12. Foreign-Relations Problems1
SECTION
continued The Confederation Encounters Problems
Foreign-Relations Problems
• U.S. does not pay debts to British merchants or compensate Loyalists
• In retaliation, Britain refuses to evacuate forts on Great Lakes
• In 1784, Spain closes Mississippi River to American navigation
• Westerners unable to ship crops east through New Orleans
• Congress unable to resolve problems with foreign nations
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13. Vla wrap Up:
Whip Around review:
One fact learned….

14. Review Questions use your notes! What is a republic?
2. What new Ordinance create a way for territories to become states?:
3. How many people did it take for a state to be formed?:
Predict what is important AND Create 2 of your own Nudgy questions from the section one notes:
(Then Die roll and the SONG on Article Shizzle:

15. Achieve 3000 Warmup Question:
Flag Burning: : Is it ok if US citizens want to burn the US flag? Why or why not?
Would you do it? 
Do you know what the Us Flag code is?....we shall chat.... 

16. Respect for the Flag:
On June 22, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved House Joint Resolution 303 codifying the existing customs and rules governing the display and use of the flag of the United States by civilians.
(a) The flag should never be displayed with union down, except as a signal of dire distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property. (b) The flag should never touch anything beneath it, such as the ground, the floor, water, or merchandise. (c) The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free. (d) The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery.

17. Now complete Achieve article: “No LAW against Flag burning”

18. Drafting the Constitution
Section 2
Drafting the Constitution
At the Philadelphia convention in 1787, delegates reject the Articles of Confederation and create a new constitution.
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19. Details? Funny attention getting headline?

21. Drafting the Constitution2
SECTION
Nationalists Strengthen the Government
Shays’s Rebellion
• 1786–87 armed farmers demand closing of courts to avoid losing farms
• Shays’s Rebellion—state militia defeats Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shays *farmers rebelled over DEBTS THEY OWED TO CREDITORS (who changed debt payment schedule and begun seizing farms)
• leaders fear rebellion will spread through country
• G. Washington calls for stronger national government
Image
Continued . . .
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22. Who’s your daddy? Call for Convention Convention Highlights 2
SECTION
Who’s your daddy?
continued Nationalists Strengthen the Government
Call for Convention
• Shays’s Rebellion leads 12 states to join Constitutional Convention
• James Madison of Virginia known as “Father of the Constitution”
Convention Highlights
• In 1787, 55 delegates meet at Pennsylvania State House
• Windows kept shut to prevent eavesdropping on discussions
• Washington unanimously elected presiding officer
Image
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23. Conflict Leads to Compromise2
SECTION
Conflict Leads to Compromise
Big States Versus Small States
• Delegates recognize need to strengthen central government
- decide to form new government
• Madison’s Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature based on population
• William Paterson’s New Jersey Plan: single house, one vote per state
• Roger Sherman, delegate from Connecticut, proposes Great Compromise:
- Senate has equal representation, elected by state legislatures
- House of Representatives, based on population, elected by people
Is it just me or does he look like Frankenstien?
Image
Continued . . .
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24. Slavery-Related Issues2
SECTION
continued Conflict Leads to Compromise
Slavery-Related Issues
• South wants slaves in population count for House, not for taxes
• North wants slaves in population count for taxes, not for House
• Three-Fifths Compromise allows 3/5 of state’s slaves to be counted
• Congress given power to regulate foreign trade
• Cannot interfere with slave trade for 20 years
Map
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25. Creating a New Government2
SECTION
Creating a New Government
Division of Powers
• Federalism—division of power between national and state governments
• National government (delegated powers)handles foreign affairs, defense, interstate trade, money
• Powers by states called reserved powers
• States handle education, marriage laws, trade within state
• Shared powers include right to tax, borrow money, establish courts
Continued . . .
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26. Creating the Constitution2
SECTION
continued Creating a New Government
Separation of Powers
• Legislative branch makes laws
• Executive branch carries out laws
• Judicial branch interprets laws
• Checks and balances prevent one branch from dominating the others
• Electoral college—electors chosen by states to vote for president
Creating the Constitution
• Constitution can be changed through amendment process
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27. Three BRanches rap uP:
After watching these inspirational videos be prepared to create quick picture, you tube video or rap of your own that illustrates this

28. Ratifying the Constitution
Section 3
Ratifying the Constitution
During the debate on the Constitution, the Federalists promise to add a bill of rights in order to get the Constitution ratified.
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29. Ratifying the Constitution3
SECTION
Ratifying the Constitution
Federalists and Antifederalists
Controversies over the Constitution
• Ratification (official approval) requires support of nine states
• Voters elect delegates to vote on ratification at state convention
• Process bypasses state legislatures, who are likely to oppose
• Federalists favor balance between state, national governments
• Antifederalists oppose strong central government:
- may serve interests of privileged minority
- unlikely to manage a large country well
- Constitution does not protect individual rights
Continued . . .
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30. 3
SECTION
continued Federalists and Antifederalists
The Opposing Forces
• Urban centers Federalist; merchants, workers favor trade regulations
• Small or weak states want protection of strong government
• Rural areas Antifederalist; farmers fear additional taxes
• Large or strong states fear loss of freedom to strong government
• The Federalist—essays that defend, explain, analyze Constitution
• Antifederalists read Letters from the Federal Farmer:
- lists rights they want protected
Image
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31. The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification3
SECTION
The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification
People Demand a Bill of Rights
• Antifederalists demand written guarantee of people’s rights
• Federalists promise bill of rights if states ratify Constitution
Ratification of the Constitution
• December 1787–June 1788, nine states ratify Constitution
• Federalists need support of large states Virginia and New York
• After opposition and debate, Virginia and New York ratify by 1788
• The new government becomes a reality in 1789
Continued . . .
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32. Adoption of a Bill of Rights3
SECTION
Why were some or the “S”s always so weird? Were they fupid?
continued The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification
Adoption of a Bill of Rights
• 1791, Bill of Rights, or first ten amendments, ratified by states
• First Amendment—freedom of religion, speech, press, politics
• Second, Third—right to bear arms, no quartering of soldiers
• Fourth through Eighth—fair treatment for persons accused of crimes
• Ninth—people’s rights not limited to those mentioned in Constitution
• Tenth—people, states have all rights not specifically assigned
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33. VLA RAP upS
Bill of Rights:

34. Final Wrap : Like Late Night TV:
List the
Top 10 things you learned from this chapter with 10 being least important fact 1 being the most!

35. This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes
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