1. Chapter 1 Understanding Ethics
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2. Learning Outcomes Define ethics
Explain the role of values in ethical decision making
Understand opposing ethical theories and their limitations
Discuss ethical relativism
Explain an ethical dilemma and apply a process to resolve it
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3. Ethics
Manner by which one tries to live one’s life according to a standard of right or wrong behavior
In both how one thinks and behaves toward others and how one would like them to think and behave toward others
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4. Ethics (continued) Factors that influence ethics
One's upbringing
One’s religion
One's social traditions and beliefs
Society: Structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs
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5. Understanding Right and Wrong
Moral standards - Principles by which judgments are made about good and bad behavior based on:
Religious beliefs
Cultural beliefs
Culture: Particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals
Philosophical beliefs
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6. Understanding Right and Wrong (continued)
Sources of beliefs
Family and friends
Ethnic background
Religion
School
Media
Personal role models and mentors
Morality - Collection of influences built over a person’s lifetime
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7. How Should One Live?
Standards of ethical behavior are absorbed by osmosis from everyone around
Ethical behavior can be based on experience of human existence rather than any abstract concepts of right and wrong
Morals and values - Set of personal principles by which one aims to live one’s life
Value system: Set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior
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8. Value of a Value
Intrinsic values: Quality by which a value is a good thing in itself
Pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not
Instrumental values: Quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value
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9. Value Conflicts
Impact of a value system on individuals can be seen in the extent to which their daily lives are influenced by those values
Occur when one is presented with a situation that places one’s value system in direct conflict with an action
Personal value system - Specific choices and responses to a situation by an individual
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10. Doing the Right Thing
Categories under which individuals classify ethics
Simple truth
Question of someone’s personal integrity as demonstrated by behavior
Rules of appropriate individual behavior
Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society
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11. The Golden Rule Do unto others as you would have them do unto you
Problem with the rule is the assumption that others would follow the same principles as one would do
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12. Ethical Theories
Virtue ethics: Concept of living one’s life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal
Criticism - Societies can place different emphasis on different virtues
Utilitarianism: Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Criticism - Idea that the ends justify the means
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13. Ethical Theories (continued)
Universal ethics: Actions that are taken out of duty and obligation to a purely moral ideal rather than based on the needs of the situation
Universal principles are seen to apply to everyone, everywhere, all the time
Criticism - Reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good
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14. Ethical Relativism
Concept that the traditions of one’s society, one’s personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define one’s ethical principles
Implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules
Offers the comfort of being a part of the ethical majority in the community or society
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15. Ethical Dilemmas
Situations in which there are no obvious right or wrong decisions, but rather a right or right answers
Occur when the decision one must make requires one to make a right choice knowing full well that one is:
Leaving an equally right choice undone
Likely to suffer something bad as a result of that choice
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16. Ethical Dilemmas (continued)
Contradicting a personal ethical principle in making that choice
Abandoning an ethical value of one’s community or society in making that choice
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17. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas
Sleep-test ethics
Ethics of intuition
Individuals should rely on their personal insights, feelings, and instincts when facing a difficult problem
Process for solving an ethical problem
Analyze the consequences
Analyze the actions
Make a decision
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18. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas (continued 1)
Arthur Dobrin’s questions
What are the facts?
What can one guess about the facts one doesn’t know?
What do the facts mean?
What does the problem look like through the eyes of the people involved?
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19. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas (continued 2)
What will happen if one chooses one thing rather than another?
What does one’s feelings tell oneself?
What will one think of oneself if one decides one thing or another?
Can one explain and justify one’s decision to others?
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20. Resolving Ethical Dilemmas (continued 3)
Application of Arthur Dobrin’s model is based on the following key assumptions:
Sufficient time is there for the degree of contemplation that such questions require
Enough information is available to answer the questions
Dilemma presents alternative resolutions for one to select from
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21. Ethical Reasoning
Looking at the information available while resolving an ethical dilemma
Drawing conclusions based on that information in relation to one’s own ethical standards
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22. Figure 1.1 - Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Ethical Reasoning
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