1. Graphic Communication
Nairn Academy
Graphic Communication
Department of
Technological
Education

2. Desk Top Publishing Department of Technological Education
The DTP example shown to the right is taken from the 2002 Higher Graphic Communication Paper, Question 6 and will be used to describe the terminology required for the course.

3. Desk Top Publishing Page Layout Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
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Material asked in 1996 Higher paper
Page Layout
The layout of the page in this example is Portrait Orientation.
The height of the page is larger than the width of the page.
If the page is wider than its height the layout is known as Landscape Orientation.
Portrait
Landscape

4. Desk Top Publishing Page Layout Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2007 Higher paper
Material asked in 2005 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Material asked in 2004 Higher paper
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Material asked in 1996 Higher paper
Material asked in 1994 Higher paper
Page Layout
The page shown includes a number of different parts to its layout.
The word ‘DECO’ at the top of the page is called the HEADLINE (or Heading)
The word ‘ORIGINS’ under the Heading is called the SUB-HEADING.
The text is arranged into 2 COLUMNS.
The page also includes a GRAPHIC

5. Desk Top Publishing Page Layout Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Material asked in 2005 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Material asked in 2004 Higher paper
Material asked in 2002 Higher paper
Material asked in 1998 Higher paper
Material asked in 1996 Higher paper
Material asked in 1994 Higher paper
Page Layout
Arranged round the text and graphics there are also other important parts of the publication.
The area to the top of the publication above the header is called the TOP MARGIN
The area below the text or graphics at the bottom of the page is called the BOTTOM MARGIN.
The areas to the sides of the publication between the text or graphics and the edge of the page are called the SIDE MARGINS.
The area between columns is called the GUTTER

6. Desk Top Publishing Page Layout Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2007 Higher paper
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Material asked in 2005 Higher paper
Material asked in 2004 Higher paper
Material asked in 2003 Higher paper
Material asked in 2002 Higher paper
Material asked in 2001 Higher paper
Material asked in 1998 Higher paper
Material asked in 1996 Higher paper
Page Layout
Other techniques can be used to add style and interest to the publication.
Text which is white on a black or dark background is called a REVERSE. In this case it is used only for part of the Heading.
The line separating the Heading from the rest of the document is called a RULE. If this is placed between columns it is called a COLUMN RULE.
The text indicating the contents of the graphic is called a CAPTION.
The text at the bottom of the page indicating the page number is called the FOLIO

7. Desk Top Publishing Page Layout Department of Technological Education
Nairn Academy – Department of Technology
Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Material asked in 1996 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Material asked in 1994 Higher paper
Page Layout
Other techniques can be used to show standard features which apply to all pages rather than being specific to one page only.
Some documents will have a HEADER which usually gives information about the contents of the document or the company who own the document.
Some documents will include a FOOTER which usually gives information about location of where document is saved, date, etc.
NOTE: Footers DO NOT give the page number –
This would be called a FOLIO
Some documents will include a BACKGROUND or WATERMARK. An example of this is a company badge which appears on every page of the document or the company’s name
C://my documents/higher graph com/DTP notes/terminology PPP.ppp

8. Desk Top Publishing Page Layout Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2004 Higher paper
Material asked in 2003 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Material asked in 2001 Higher paper
Material asked in 1997 Higher paper
Page Layout
Other techniques can be used to add style and interest to the publication.
Some areas of the document may not have any content included. This area is called WHITE SPACE
Other areas of the document may have a picture which does not fit into the column structure and reaches to the edge of the page. This is called a BLEED.
Graphics used taken from ‘Design and Layout: Understanding and Using Graphics’ by David Dabner

9. Desk Top Publishing Page Layout Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Material asked in 1997 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Page Layout
Page layout is important to try to draw attention to different parts of a document.
The layout of elements on a page, or on facing pages can be done in two ways.
If each of the pages has the same layout – either for text, graphics or both – and each page is a mirror image of each other - the layout is said to be SYMMETRICAL
If each of the pages has the different layout and is not a mirror image of each other, the layout is said to be ASYMMETRICAL
Graphics used taken from ‘Design and Layout: Understanding and Using Graphics’ by David Dabner

10. Desk Top Publishing Desk Top Publishing Desk Top Publishing
Department of Technological Education
Desk Top Publishing
Font and Lettering Styles
The looks of the publication can be affected by the types of font or lettering used.
Fonts can be grouped into 3 distinct styles
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SERIF fonts
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SANS SERIF fonts
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DECORATIVE fonts

11. Desk Top Publishing Font and Lettering Styles
Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Material asked in 2001 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Material asked in 1999 Higher paper
Font and Lettering Styles
The various parts of a font are shown below.
The parts which are important to know for this course are:-
point height
serifs
ascender and descender

12. Desk Top Publishing Font and Lettering Styles
Department of Technological Education
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Font and Lettering Styles
When a font is chosen for a publication the point size is normally chosen.
However, the part of the font which makes the size of the font look larger or smaller tends to be the x- height.
A font with a small x-height will look smaller than a font with a large x-height, even if the point size is the same, as shown below.

13. NAIRN NAIRN NAIRN NAIRN Desk Top Publishing Font and Lettering Styles
Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Material asked in 2001 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Font and Lettering Styles
Whichever font is chosen it’s looks can still be changed and altered.
6 point
8 point
10 point
12 point
14 point
16 point
NAIRN
The size of fonts are given in POINTS and the point size can be altered
Fonts can also be changed in look and can be:
NAIRN
NORMAL, BOLD or ITALIC
NAIRN
They can be COLOURED or have COLOURED BACKGROUNDS
They can be UNDERLINED or be EMBOSSED
NAIRN
Or they can be SUPERSCRIPT or SUBSCRIPT

14. Desk Top Publishing Text Layout Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Material asked in 2001 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Material asked in 1999 Higher paper
Text Layout
The layout of text in a column can be altered in four main ways.
This is an example of text which has been justified to the left. This is an example of text which has been justified to the left. This is an example of text which has been justified to the left.
Normally text is JUSTIFIED to the LEFT
This is an example of text which has been justified to the right. This is an example of text which has been justified to the right. This is an example of text which has been justified to the right.
However it can also be justified in other ways
The following examples show text justified:-
This is an example of text which has been justified to the centre. This is an example of text which has been justified to the centre. This is an example of text which has been justified to the centre.
RIGHT
CENTRE
FULLY
This is an example of fully justified text. This is an example of fully justified text. This is an example of fully justified text. This is an example of fully justified text. This is an example of fully justified text.

15. Material asked in 2003 Higher paper
Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2003 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Text Layout
There are other more specialised effects that can be used to highlight particular parts of the document.
his is an example of a paragraph which starts with a drop cap letter. This is an example of a paragraph which starts with a drop cap letter. This T
is an example of a paragraph which starts with a drop cap letter.
A large ornate capital letter at the start of a paragraph is called a DROP CAPITAL
By formatting the paragraph the text can be made to move round other graphics or to overlap a graphic. This is called TEXT WRAP. There are various different types of text wrap. Two of them are given here as examples
Wrap tight round the edge of a picture.
Wrap to the edge of the picture frame

16. Material asked in 1999 Higher paper
Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 1999 Higher paper
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Leading is the amount of space between each line of text, and this can be varied from the default to a more positive leading which gives more space between lines, or to a negative leading which gives less space between the lines
Text Layout
There are effects that can be used to change the way the text appears in the paragraph.
Leading is the amount of space between each line of text, and this can be varied from the default to a more positive leading which gives more space between lines, or to a negative leading which gives less space between the lines
The spacing between each line can be adjusted to tighten the text together or to space out the text. This is called LEADING
Leading is the amount of space between each line of text, and this can be varied from the default to a more positive leading which gives more space between lines, or to a negative leading which gives less space between the lines
The spacing of each letter, or individual letters, can be adjusted to make them closer or further apart. This is called KERNING.

17. Material asked in 2003 Higher paper
Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2003 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Design Considerations
When trying to design a publication for a client there are various thoughts and decisions to be made.
Some thoughts are listed below, but this is not an exhaustive list and many more could be added.
The Target Market should be considered.
Is the publication for fun / serious readers?
Are the readers young / old ?
Should the layout be modern / traditional ? Etc.
The Function of the publication should also be considered.
Is it a news based document such as a newsletter ?
Is it a trade journal or business publication ?
Is it a comic ?
The Production Limitations also have to be considered.
Type of paper available
Type of printing / photocopying available
Number of colours available at printing stage.
Binding or stapling of pages.

18. Desk Top Publishing Design Elements
Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2006 Higher paper
Material asked in 2002 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Material asked in 1996 Higher paper
Design Elements
Finally, how each of the design elements fits together will determine how the publication looks and how successful it is.
Proportion – There should be an equal balance between each of the elements of the publication - text blocks and graphics items and white space – and none should be overly dominant.
Dominance – A particular element on a page can be dominant because of its position, size, boldness, colour, etc. The dominant element of a publication should be the main important item which the writer wants the reader to notice. An example of a dominant element can be the Headline / heading or a dramatic picture on a page
Unity – Unity describes where elements are placed on a page throughout a publication such as common page layouts, or headers / footers / folios / company logo etc. all placed in the same position throughout the publication, or a common colour or style being used throughout.
Balance - This refers to Symmetrical or Asymmetrical layout of the page(s). Symmetrical is easier to achieve, but may not look as interesting as Asymmetrical layouts.

19. Desk Top Publishing Design Elements (cont.)
Department of Technological Education
Material asked in 2002 Higher paper
Material asked in 1996 Higher paper
Desk Top Publishing
Design Elements (cont.)
Flow – Flow describes how information progresses through the document, such as text wrapping round pictures, and the change from page to page. The reader should be able to follow where the article goes without having to hunt for the next part.
Contrast - makes the design interesting and eye-catching. The use of a bold font with a very thin font, or with light and dark areas on the page will give contrast in the publication.
Consistency - When designing a series of publications for the same client the use of the same layout, fonts, graphic items, colours, etc in each of the publications will give consistency
Rhythm - is achieved when there is repetition of elements, such as section heads, page numbers, etc that lead through the complete document. Careful positioning of the elements can be used to guide the readers eye through the document.

20. PowerPoint Presentation produced by John McRae, Nairn Academy 2008