1. Evolution Test Review

2. List and describe Darwin’s 4 Principles of Evolution

3. Natural Selection Darwin’s theory of evolution 4 observable principles
Overproduction
Genetic variation
Adaptation (of a SPECIES)
Selection (based on greater reproductive success)

4. Describe evolution using a complete sentence

5. Describe evolution using a couple of complete sentences
Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce in greater numbers. Over time, the species will begin to look more and more like those organisms best suited because their genes occur in a greater % in the population.

6. Whenever one organism leaves more successful offspring than another, in time its genes will dominate the population gene pool.
Eventually, the genotype leaving fewer offspring must become extinct in a stable population.
Ultimately, natural selection operates by different reproductive success among organisms of the same species.

7. Principle of evolution?

8. Principle of evolution Variation…same species, different phenotype due to genetic variation in traits

9. Principle of Evolution?

10. Principle of Evolution Overproduction
Principle of Evolution Overproduction..organisms produce more offspring than are likely to survive. This ensures that some will survive and the species continues into the next generation

11. Organism Trait: Giraffe Coat how many variations of this trait to do you see?

12. number of spots, shape of spots, shape of spots vary on one animal, color of spot, some spots multi-colored, background hair color, pattern of spots on the animal, border of spots, spacing between each spot….. Massive variation of one trait

13. What is the role of mutation in natural selection?

14. What is the role of mutation in natural selection?
Mutations are a source of
genetic variation.
Mutation is NOT a principle
of evolution.

15. What is speciation? Describe the process that leads to speciation.

16. Speciation is due to Geographic Isolation
Eventually this leads
…reproductive isolation
This means new species
have evolved. Even if
You put these new
organisms “back together”
they will not reproduce
with each other because
they do not recognize
each other as the same
species.

17. Evidence of Evolution
What are the types of evidence used to determine the evolutionary relationship between species?

18. 1. Comparative Anatomy -homologous structures -analogous structures -vestigial structures 2. Embryological 3. Molecular (DNA) 4. Fossil

19. 1. Comparative Anatomy -homologous structures divergent evolution common ancestor similar structure, different function -analogous structures convergent evolution evolved in same environment (~ pressures) similar function, different structure

20. Homologous or Analogous
Elephant Leg

21. Homologous or Analogous?
Butterfly and Bird wing
are Analogous structures
they have similar functions
but a very different
underlying structure.
Elephant Leg
Elephant Leg and Bird wings
are Homologous structures
the underlying bone structure is very similar

22. Homologous or Analogous?
Butterfly and Bird wing
are Analogous structures
they have similar functions
but a very different
underlying structure.
Elephant Leg
Elephant Leg and Bird wings
are Homologous structures
the underlying bone structure is very similar

23. Homologous or Analogous

24. Homologous similar structure, different function
Function ---flying Function-----grasping
function----crawling along the ground

25. What evidence is represented here?

26. This is a vestigial structure… Is it considered a homologous or analogous structure?

27. This is a vestigial structure… Is it considered a homologous or analogous structure? Homologous..similar structure (limb), different function (none)

28. Which are most closely related? Evidence that supports your answer.
Kingdom
Animal
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Aves
Order
Passeriformes
Pelecaniformes
family
Fringillidae
Ardeidae
Turdidae
Corvidae
Genus
Cardinal
Ardea
Sialia
Corvus
Cyanocitta 1 2 3 4 5

29. Organisms 4 and 5 Evidence: these two organisms have similarities through the family level of organization.
Kingdom
Animal
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Aves
Order
Passeriformes
Pelecaniformes
Passiformes
family
Fringillidae
Ardeidae
Turdidae
Corvidae
Genus
Cardinal
Ardea
Sialia
Corvus
Cyanocitta
Heron
Blue Bird
Crow
Blue jay

30. Taxonomy: the branch of science that classifies organisms based on structural and microbiological similarities

31. What is the importance of genetic variation in the survival and reproduction of a species?

32. What is the importance of genetic variation in the survival and reproduction of a species? Genetic variation allows a species to change in response to changes in the environment. Without these variations, a species would face extinction if the environment changes and new adaptations are required. Example: rock pocket mice with pale fur and dark fur. The environment changed to a dark, lava substrate. If there were not variation in fur color, all pale fur mice would have been killed by predators. No survivors over time.

33. Which organisms share the trait of seeds?

34. Which organisms share the trait of seeds? Oak and Yew
Difficulty solving this?
Use the “snip” method.
Imagine you have cut the
Cladogram tree just below
the trait hash mark. Every
organism that would “fall off”
below the cut does NOT have the
trait, those that remain in the tree
above the cut HAVE the trait.

35. Which organisms share the trait of seeds? Oak and Yew
These two organisms
are the only ones that remain
in the Cladogram tree when
it is cut below the “seeds”
hash mark.
Difficulty solving this?
Use the “snip” method.
Imagine you have cut the
Cladogram tree just below
the trait hash mark. Every
organism that would “fall off”
below the cut does NOT have the
trait, those that remain in the tree
above the cut HAVE the trait.

36. Which organisms share the trait of losing their leaves
Which organisms share the trait of losing their leaves? (loss of leaves)

37. Which organisms share the trait of losing their leaves
Which organisms share the trait of losing their leaves? (loss of leaves) Psilotum

38. The accompanying geologic cross section below represents a cliff outcrop. Some bedrock layers are labeled as millions of years old (myo). Letters A through E represent different rock types. What is a possible age of igneous rock E? 1.5 million years old 12million years old 28million years old 40million years old

39. The accompanying geologic cross section below represents a cliff outcrop. Some bedrock layers are labeled as millions of years old (myo). Letters A through E represent different rock types. What is a possible age of igneous rock E? 1.5 million years old 12million years old 28million years old 40million years old

40. The diagram below shows a geologic cross section
The diagram below shows a geologic cross section. Letters A through D represent different rock units Which sequence correctly shows the ge of the lettered rock units, fromoldest to youngest ABCD CDAB DBAC DCBA

41. The diagram below shows a geologic cross section
The diagram below shows a geologic cross section. Letters A through D represent different rock units Which sequence correctly shows the ge of the lettered rock units, from oldest to youngest ABCD CDAB DBAC DCBA

42. The illustration below shows the morphological change of two species
The illustration below shows the morphological change of two species. Which statememt explains why species 1 and species 2 are different? natural selection can cause gradual speciation changes an individual changed itself to suit the environment interbreeding of species 2 results in no genetic mutations extinction of ancestor species occurs as a result of interbreeding

43. The illustration below shows the morphological change of two species.
Which statement explains why species 1 and species 2 are different?
natural selection can cause gradual speciation changes
an individual changed itself to suit the environment
interbreeding of species 2 results in no genetic mutations
extinction of ancestor species occurs as a result of interbreeding

44. Geologic activity on an island physically separates a population of animals into two populations. many generations later, when the two populations are no longer separated, they do not interbreed. what was the result of natural selection during this period of separation? a decrease in variation a decrease in diversification an increase in extinction an increase in speciation Ducks live near ponds and lakes. The shape of a duck’s foot helps it swim and walk on muddy ground. Which factor is most important in determining the shape of a bab duck’s foot? the shape of the parent ducks’ feet the temperature of the pond water the amount of mud in the bottom of the pond the amount of rain that fell before the duck was born

45. Geologic activity on an island physically separates a population of animals into two populations. Many generations later, when the two populations are no longer separated, they do not interbreed. What was the result of natural selection during this period of separation?
a decrease in variation
a decrease in diversification
an increase in extinction
an increase in speciation
Ducks live near ponds and lakes. The shape of a duck’s foot helps it swim and walk on muddy ground. Which factor is most important in determining the shape of a baby duck’s foot?
the shape of the parent ducks’ feet
the temperature of the pond water
the amount of mud in the bottom of the pond
the amount of rain that fell before the duck was born

46. Which of the following explains why natural selections acts on the phenotype of an organisms instead of its genotype?
genotypes do not change except by the process of transcription
genotypes change in direct response to habitat changes
phenotypes directly influence the interaction of an organism with its environment
phenotypes can be inherited by offspring.
Which of the following is a source of genetic variation within a species
cloning
mutation
selective breeding
natural selection
Which of these would have the least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that is geographically isolated from other subspecies of giraffes?
available niches
existing predators
chromosome number
available food resources.

47. Which of the following explains why natural selections acts on the phenotype of an organisms instead of its genotype?
genotypes do not change except by the process of transcription
genotypes change in direct response to habitat changes
phenotypes directly influence the interaction of an organism with its environment
phenotypes can be inherited by offspring.
Which of the following is a source of genetic variation within a species
cloning
mutation
selective breeding
natural selection
Which of these would have the least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that is geographically isolated from other subspecies of giraffes?
available niches
existing predators
chromosome number
available food resources.

48. What process is most responsible for the extinction of most species of plants and animals that have lived on Earth? A gene mutation B environmental changes C selective breeding D decrease in reproduction Which would best allow a species to survive environmental changes? A similar physical features B low mutation rate C small population D genetic diversity Which is an example of comparative anatomy that supports the theory of evolution? A A mother killdeer flutters just out of reach of a predator. B In Florida, roaches began to ignore a formerly effective poison bait. C In the early stages of the embryo, fish, turtles, chickens, and mice develop gill slits.

49. What process is most responsible for the extinction of most species of plants and animals that have lived on Earth? A gene mutation B environmental changes C selective breeding D decrease in reproduction Which would best allow a species to survive environmental changes? A similar physical features B low mutation rate C small population D genetic diversity Which is an example of comparative anatomy that supports the theory of evolution? A A mother killdeer flutters just out of reach of a predator. B In Florida, roaches began to ignore a formerly effective poison bait. C In the early stages of the embryo, fish, turtles, chickens, and mice develop gill slits.

50. Which is most likely to be related to a human based upon similar anatomical structures?
A flea
B fish
C coyote
D grasshopper
Which best demonstrates analogous structures in animals?
A cat fur and dog fur
B whale fins and human arms
C bird wings and insect wings
D gills in fish and lungs in mammals
What do scientists most often use to form the basis for biological classification?
A dietary habits
B population size
C geographic location
D comparative anatomy

51. Which is most likely to be related to a human based upon similar anatomical structures?
A flea
B fish
C coyote
D grasshopper
Which best demonstrates analogous structures in animals?
A cat fur and dog fur
B whale fins and human arms
C bird wings and insect wings
D gills in fish and lungs in mammals
What do scientists most often use to form the basis for biological classification?
A dietary habits
B population size
C geographic location
D comparative anatomy

52. The forelimbs of two animals are shown below
The forelimbs of two animals are shown below. Which can best be concluded from this information? A The animals share a similar ancestor. B The animals live in the same habitat. C The animals are the same size and shape. D The animals use the same method of movement.

53. The forelimbs of two animals are shown below
The forelimbs of two animals are shown below. Which can best be concluded from this information? A The animals share a similar ancestor. B The animals live in the same habitat. C The animals are the same size and shape. D The animals use the same method of movement.

54. Which best describes what would occur in a species that has little or no genetic variation? A The rate of species survival would increase over time. B The rate of species survival would decrease over time. C Most of the offspring would survive, but the gene pool would be weakened. D Most of the offspring would survive, and the gene pool would be strengthened. Based on the fossil record, which organisms were most likely to have existed first? A plants B insects C jellyfish D bacteria

55. Which best describes what would occur in a species that has little or no genetic variation? A The rate of species survival would increase over time. B The rate of species survival would decrease over time. C Most of the offspring would survive, but the gene pool would be weakened. D Most of the offspring would survive, and the gene pool would be strengthened. Based on the fossil record, which organisms were most likely to have existed first? A plants B insects C jellyfish D bacteria