1. GENERATIONS OF MICROPROCESSORS
PRESENTED BY:
S.UMER HUSSAIN (294)
ABDUL WAHAB (333)
NOMAN ASLAM (307)
MUSTAFA HAMID (206)

2. Introduction:
Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. We divide the years of development of microprocessors as 5 generations

3. First generation (1971 – 73) Intel Corporation introduced 4004
There were three other microprocessors in the market during the same period:
· Rockwell International’s PPS-4 (4 bits)
· Intel’s 8008 (8 bits)
· National Semiconductor’s IMP-16 (16 bits)

4. Intel 4004 1) Maximum clock speed of 740 kHz
Intel ) Maximum clock speed of 740 kHz. 2) Up to instructions per second. 3) Separate program and data storage. 4) 12-bit addresses. 5) 8-bit instructions. 6) 4-bit words.

5. Rockwell International’s PPS-4 (4 bits) The Rockwell PPS-4 (aka PPS-4/1) was a 4-bit microprocessor designed by Rockwell International and first produced at the 3rd quarter of 1972. The chip came in a 42-pin quadruple in-line package

6. Intel’s 8008 (8 bits) 1) 8-bit microprocessor 2) Up to 800 KHz 3) 16 KB memory 4) 7-level deep stack 5) 8 In / 24 Out ports

7. National Semiconductor’s IMP-16 (16 bits) ) 16-bit microprocessor 2) The IMP-16 provided four 16-bit accumulators

8. Second Generation (1974 – 1978)
Marked the beginning of very efficient 8 – bit microprocessors.
Some of the popular processors were:
· Motorola’s 6800 and 6809
· Intel’s 8085
· Zilog’s Z80

9. Motorola’s 6800 and ) The 6800 was an 8-bit microprocessor 2) The 6800 has a 16-bit address bus that could directly access 64 KB of memory 3) The Motorola 6809 is an 8-bit (with some 16-bit features)microprocessor 4) 6809 were the use of two 8-bit accumulator.

10. Intel’s 8085 1) 8085 microprocessor is an 8 bit microprocessor
Intel’s ) 8085 microprocessor is an 8 bit microprocessor. 2) 8085 microprocessor is a single chip, NMOS device implemented with 6200 transistors 3) 8085 microprocessor requires a single +5V DC power supply

11. Zilog’s Z ) The Zilog Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor 2)  It was launched in July 1976 and was widely used in both desktop computers

12. Third generation (1979 – 80)
This age is dominated by 16 – bits microprocessors
Some of them were:
· Intel’s 8086/80186/80286
· Motorolla’s 68000/68010
They were designed using HMOS technology

13. Intel’s 8086/80186/ ) The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor 2) Data bus 8-bit. 3) Ran in real mode only.

14. Motorolla’s 68000/ ) The Motorola is a 32-bit CISC microprocessor 2) The Motorola MC 68010 processor is a 16/32-bit microprocessor 3) They were popular in personal computers and workstations.

15. Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995)
· This era marked the beginning of 32 bits microprocessors
· Intel introduced 432, which was bit problematic
· Then a clean in launched.
· Motorola introduced 68020/68030

16. Intel 432 iAPX ) The iAPX 432 (Intel Advanced Performance Architecture), introduced in ) 32-bit processor design.

17. Intel 80386 1) The Intel 80386 also known as i386 or just 386
Intel ) The Intel 80386 also known as i386 or just 386. 2)  32-bit microprocessor. 3)  x86 architecture.

18. Motorola 68020/ ) The Motorola is a 32-bit microprocessor released in ) The Motorola 68030 is also a 32-bit microprocessor

19. Fifth Generation (1995 – till date)
This age the emphasis is on introducing chips that carry on-chip functionalities and
improvements in the speed of memory and I/O devices along with introduction of 64-bit
microprocessors.
Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron and very recently dual and quad core
processors working with up to 3.5GHz speed.

20. Intel Pentium ) Pentium 4 was a line of single-core desktop, laptop and entry level server central processing units (CPUs) 2) They had a seventh-generation x86microarchitecture. 3) In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended by the 64-bit x86-64 set.

21. Intel Celeron ) Celeron processors can run all IA-32 computer programs 2)  Originally based on Intel Pentium II architecture

22. Intel core ) The Core 2 brand was introduced on 27 July ) Core 2 having a range of Intel's consumer 64-bit x86-64 single-, dual-, and quad-core microprocessors based on the Core microarchitecture

23. Core i series 1) The Core i3 range is entirely dual-core
Core i series )  The Core i3 range is entirely dual-core. 2)  The i7 range are all quad-core. 3) Core i3 processors don't have Turbo Boost 4) The Core i7-6700, for example, has a base clock of 3.4GHz, but can 'boost' up to 4GHz.