1. Plant Reproduction Why reproduce? Sexual vs. asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction in plants
Gametophytes and sporophytes
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
Asexual reproduction in plants
Asexual reproduction using fragments
Asexual reproduction using special structures

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3. Plants Must Reproduce Makes more plants
Ensures the continuation of the species
Plants can reproduce _________

4. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Usually needs pollinators (e.g. bees, birds, butterflies).
Flowers attract insects, birds, and other animals.
_________
Some self-pollinate, while others cannot.

5. Asexual Reproduction in Plants
_________
Does not involve joining of cells.
Creates new plants identical to parent plant.

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7. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Gametes are created by meiosis
Meiosis: _________
Gametes produced in special structures called gametangia
………………
Male gametangia: antheridia

8. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Plants can be bisexual or unisexual
Bisexual (monoecious): ___________
Unisexual (dioecious): ____________
Bisexual plants can’t always self-fertilize
Sometimes incompatible
Cross-fertilization preferred

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10. Sporophyte _________ Diploid individual
Sporocytes (fertile cells) produce haploid spores via meiosis
_________

11. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Liverworts and hornworts
……………….
Sperm release and fertilization require moisture (heavy dew or rain)
_____________
Spores may germinate immediately upon deposition or undergo a period of dormancy first
Liverwort with sporophytes growing from archegonia

12. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Liverworts and Hornworts

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15. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Spore plants
Includes seed plants and cryptogams (no flowers or seeds)
Sporophyte stage dominant
Seed plants
_______________
Cryptogams
Spores shed from plant after producing gametophyte

16. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
There are two groups of seed plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
There are two types of spores
Megaspores: large spores; _______________
Microspores: small spores; ______________
Male gametophytes called pollen grains

17. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Produce seeds
______________
Passageway through layers on megasporangium
Ovule matures as seed
One megasporocyte ____________
……………..
………………
Microspores develop inside microsporangia
Pollen grains develop tube to pass sperm to egg
____________

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20. Gymnosperms Cycads ____________ Pollen grains shed from microsporangia
………………..
Ovule produces pollination droplet
Wind-borne pollen grains attach to droplet
Droplet pulled back into ovule

21. Gymnosperms Pines ____________ Sporophyte may become a large tree
Pollen has air-filled wings between layers of pollen grain wall
Scales on female gametophyte separate and pollen sticks to pollination droplet
Droplet ……………..
Fertilization occurs around 14 months after pollination

22. Angiosperms
____________
Seeds enclosed during development in structure called pistil or carpel
Gametophytes don’t have archegonia
Pollen transferred to surface of megaspore
One joins egg and forms the zygote
Other joins two nuclei of female gametophyte to form storage tissue that serves as food source for embryo
After fertilization, ovule increases to mature seed size

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26. Angiosperms Some monoecious species Corn Hickory Walnut Pecan Oak

27. Angiosperms Microspores develop pollen grains (male gametophytes)
Forms generative cell and tube cell
_____________
Pollination: transfer of pollen grains from anther of stamen to stigma of pistil
Some flowers can self-pollinate (e.g. peas and tomatoes)
Others need pollinators (e.g. insects) to transfer pollen between flowers

28. Angiosperms One megasporocyte …………….. ___________
Only one enlarges, others degenerate
Enlarged cell divides into seven (with eight nuclei)
Three nuclei move to end opposite micropyle (opening where pollen tube enters) and become antipodal cells, which degenerate
__________
Last two nuclei help guide pollen tube, then disintegrate

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30. Angiosperms
Pollen passes down the pollen tube, through micropyle, and into gametophyte
One sperm fertilizes egg nucleus
Other unites with two nuclei in large central cell
___________
Endosperm nucleus
Divides into endosperm tissue
__________

31. Angiosperms Ovary, ovules, and zygote grow Embryo develops
Seed: __________
Seeds become dormant and form hard seed coats
____________
Seeds ……………..
Cotyledons can help digest and absorb endosperm, be food sources themselves, or become photosynthetic leaves above the soil surface

32. Angiosperms

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34. Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Two basic types
____________

35. Asexual Reproduction Using Fragments
The body of the plant fragments.
Pieces fall off.
__________
Fragmenting Plants
Ferns
Liverworts
Mosses
Succulents
Willows and poplars

36. Asexual Reproduction Using Fragments
Piece of stem or roots from some plants can be cut off and planted.
___________

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39. Asexual Reproduction Using Special Structures
___________
No union of sex cells
In flowering plants, organs include:
Rhizomes
Tubers
Stolons
Corms
Bulbs

40. Rhizomes
Long, fleshy, ……………..
Branch to grow new plants
__________

41. Tubers Enlarged tips of underground rhizomes or stolons __________
Potatoes are tubers
Eyes are buds and can grow into new individuals

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43. Corms Vertical, fleshy, underground stems __________
Secondary cormlets can grow into new baby plants
Gladioli have corms

44. Bulbs Small bit of stem tissue ……………… Undergo period of dormancy
Grow into new plants
____________
Onions form bulbs