1. Test 1: Study Guide

2. 1. Seven Characteristics of Living Things
Cellular Structure
Metabolism
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Heredity/Genetics
Response to Stimuli

3. 2. Why are homeostasis and metabolism important in human body?
Homeostasis: balance of all human processes in body; stability
Maintaining water balance, body temperature, blood sugar
Metabolism: the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the human body
Digestion
Respiration
Photosynthesis

4. 3. Why salt crystals are not considered alive?? Viruses??
No cellular structure
Don’t metabolize
Don’t technically reproduce (asexually or sexually)
Same for viruses…no cellular structure, cannot reproduce without a host present

5. 4. Distinguish between flagella, pseudopod, cilia
Flagella: long whip like tail (one or more) found on flagellates.
Examples are euglena and chlamydomas
Cilia: short hair like projectiles on Phylum Ciliophora
Examples include paramecium, Blepharisma, and Stentor
Pseudopod: false feet
Examples include amoeba and Chaos

6. 5. Two kinds of reproduction
Asexual: one parent; cloning (less diversity); sometimes called binary fission
Sexual: two parents combine genetic information to make offspring; allows for more diversity in offspring; conjugation

7. 6. Define the following: Biology: study of living things
Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
Law: mathematical explanation for a phenomenon
Theory: explanation for some phenomenon based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning
Hypothesis: possible answers to a scientific question; needs to be testable

8. 9. Evolution vs. natural selection
Evolution (descent with modification): process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations, such that genetically distinct populations and new species can develop
Natural selection: organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits.

9. 10. Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis
Prediction: forecasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis was true
Experiment: test hypothesis and predictions
Data Analysis and Conclusions Made
Data and Conclusions communicated to scientific peers and the public for PEER REVIEW

10. 11/12. Antibiotic F review AND variables that are on GRAPHS
Control group: provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group
Experimental group: identical to the control group except for one factor, the independent variable.
The experimenter changes the independent variable (manipulated variable)
Graphed on x-Axis
Dependent variable is measured and observed (graphed on Y axis)
Also called responding variable

11. 13. “It’s Just a Theory!” …why is this misleading?
This suggests that an idea is untested
But SCIENTISTS view a theory as highly tested, generally accepted principle

12. 14. Microscope Parts and Function
REVIEW pages and (and your microscope quizzes)

13. 15. Three types of microscopes
Compound light microscope: shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify; fairly low resolution
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM): passes a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface; provide 3-D images of specimens surface
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): transmits a beams of electrons through a very thinly sliced specimen; magnetic lenses enlarge the image and focus it on a screen

14. 17. Metric System Mass: Grams Length: Meters Time: seconds
Volume: Liters
Remember: King Henry Died by drinking chocolate milk!
(Kilo Hecto -- Deca -- base unit -- deci centi milli)

15. 19. What makes a protist a protist?
Protists are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like
They can be unicellular or multicellular
They can be autotrophic, heterotrophic (or both) with the occasional decomposer
They are the “misfits” of the classification system

16. 20. Protists? And definitions?
Protozoa: Rhizopoda (amoeba), Zoomastigina (flagellates), Ciliophora (ciliates like paramecium), Sporozoa (parasitic and nonmotile
Unicellular Algae: euglenophyta (plant-like and animal-like), baccillariophyta (photosynthetic autotrophs; diatoms and and phytoplankton (HUGE Oxygen producers), dinoflagellate: have at least 2 flagella at right angles
Multicellular algae: Rhodophyta(red seaweed), Phaeophyta (brown algae), Chlorophyta (green algae)
Fungus Like Protists: decomposers Phylum Myxomyota (plasmodial slime molds) and Phylum Oomycota (water molds and downy molds)

17. 20. Definitions Prokaryotic: no nucleus
Eukaryotic: nucleus and cell organelles
Heterotrophic: get food elsewhere
Autotropohic: make own food through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
Unicellular: single celled
Multicellular: more than one cell

18. 21. Protists from labs
Amoeba: unicellular, move by pseudopod, and is heterotrophic
Paramecium: unicellular, cilia, heterotrophic
Euglena (Chlamydomas): hetero and autotrophic, unicellular, flagella
Stentor: move by cilia, unicellular, heterotrophic
Volvox: multicelled, autotrophic, and flagella
Blepharisma: unicellular, cilia, and heterotrophic

19. 22. Protists characteristics
USE your Notesheet to study all characteristics of each phyla!

20. 24. Binary Fission vs. Conjugation
Binary fission: a single protist cell divides into two cells; asexual reproducation
Conjugation: two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus; sexual reproduction

21. 25. Describe how protozoans like amoeba use pseudopods
25. Describe how protozoans like amoeba use pseudopods? What about flagella and cilia

22. 26. Describe how ciliates move and reproduce
Cilia beat in waves, moving the cell through the watr
Ciliates often feed on bacteria and algae
Ciliates have a macronucleus (directs cell’s metabolism and development) and micronucleus (exchange of genetic material through conjugation

23. 27. Paramecium parts

24. 28. Plant-like and fungus-like protists
Plant-like: both unicellular and multicellular algae (use your notes and textbook to distinguish)
They obtain energy through photosynthesis (autotrophic)
Fungus-like:
Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds) can be uni- or multicellular
Good times: live as independent cells that resemble amoeba
Bad times: they form communal structure known as slime molds
Oomycota: water molds and downy molds
Have flagellated reproductive cells
Get food by decomposition

25. 29. Brown Algae differ from red and green algae
Red algae: deep marine waters; absorbs shorter waved visible light energy (blues/violets) and reflect off the reds and oranges
Green algae: mostly freshwater; contain chlorophyll and carotenoids (like plants)
Brown algae: contains chlorophyll and different pigments that give it its special brown color)

26. 30. Slime molds vs. water molds?
Slime molds: found on moist, decaying matter.
They spend some time in amoeba-like feeding form (living like protozoa).
Then they spend their time as stationary reproducing slime molds
Water molds:
Fungus like protist found mainly in bodies of fresh water but sometimes live in soil or as parasites.

27. 31.Diatoms and dinoflagellates
Diatoms are an abundant component of phytoplankton and important producers in freshwater and marine food webs. In addition, they release atmospheric oxygen
Most dinoflagellates are photosynthetic autotrophs, but a few species are heterotophic. They produce oxygen
When their population explodes, they turn the water reddish resultin in red tide where the toxins can kill large numbers of fish.

28. 32. Bacteria vs. Archaea vs. Eukarya
Cell type
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell wall
Contains peptidoglycan
Contains psuedopeptidoglycan
If present, contains no peptidoglycan
Nutrition mode
Absorption, heterotroph, autotroph

29. 33. Domains and kingdoms Domain Bacteria: Kingdom Bacteria
Domain Archaea: Kingdom Bacteria
Domain Eukarya: Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

30. 35/36. Aristotle, Linnaeus, Mayr AND classification hierarchy
Aristotle: two taxa  plants or animals
Linnaeus: Father of Taxonomy
Kings play chess on funny green spaces
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Mayr: Biological Species Concept…look in notes

31. 38. Cladograms The most ancestral trait is vertebral column
The first derived trait is jaws, and then four walking legs, and then amniotic egg, and the most recent derived trait is hair