1. The Human Organism: An Overview
Chapter 27
The Human Organism:
An Overview

2. 27.1 Structure
fits function in
the human
body

3. Anatomy
Structure of an organism and its parts

4. Physiology
Function of the structures

5. Levels of Body Structure

6. 1. Cells The human body is made up of ~75 trillion cells
The human body is designed so that all cells can get what they need to survive and remove the waste that they create through metabolism.
The human body is made up of
~75 trillion cells

7. Gas Exchange – an example of a chemical exchange with the surroundings and cells

8. Body exchanges with external environment
Cells exchange with internal environment

9. 27.2 A tissue is
a group of cells
with similar
structure and
function

10. 4 types of tissues:
A. epithelial
B. connective
C. nervous
D. muscle

11. Epithelial Tissue
Covers body surface and lines the internal organs

12. Connective Tissue
Supports tissues, cushions, insulates, and connects organs

13. Nervous Tissue
Forms the “communication system” of the body

14. Neuron
Nerve cell
Transmits signals

15. Muscle Tissue
3 types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

16. Skeletal Muscle Attached to the bones of the skeleton
Voluntary – you control it

17. Cardiac muscle Heart muscles
Involuntary muscle – works without you controlling it

18. Smooth Muscle Involuntary Found in most other organs
Ex. Digestive organs

20. There are 12
organ systems in
the human
body…

21. What ones can you
name???

22. Please complete the organ systems matching on p.3 of your notes

23. Circulatory System B

24. Digestive System K

25. Endocrine System G

26. Integumentary System H

27. Muscular System J

28. Lymphatic System & Immune System

29. Nervous System A

30. C

31. D

32. Skeletal System F

33. Urinary System E

34. 27.3 The body
regulates its
internal
environment

35. Review: What is
homeostasis???

36. Homeostasis
Your body maintaining an ideal internal “steady state”

37. Two main body
systems that work
to maintain
homeostasis…

38. What two body systems would regulate his escape?

39. Nervous System
detects environmental stimuli & directs the body’s responses

40. Endocrine System Secretes hormones (into the blood) regulate other
organ systems

41. ie. adrenaline triggers “fight or flight response”
Hormones
Signal molecules released into the bloodstream to trigger a response
ie. adrenaline triggers “fight or flight response”

42. B. Integumentary System
Body’s outer covering
Barrier that helps maintain homeostasis

43. The skin has 4 major functions…

44. The skin has 4 major functions…
a. protection (pathogens)
b. temperature regulation
c. excretion (waste products)
d. secretion (useful products)

46. hair Sweat pore keratin epidermis nerve dermis oil gland sweat gland
hair follicle
sweat gland

47. Hair & Nails - Both made of a tough protein called keratin

48. Role in homeostasis Skeletal System Urinary System Nervous System
Immune
System
Circulatory System

49. Ch 27b - The Skeletal & Muscular Systems

50. What is locomotion?

51. Locomotion
The ability to move from one place to another

52. Why is locomotion helpful to an organism??

53. Improves chances of: a. finding a mate b. finding food
c. finding shelter
d. avoiding predators

54. Motile
Organisms that are capable of locomotion

55. Sessile
Organisms that are not capable of locomotion

56. Examples of sessile organisms…
Coral
Hydra
Plants

57. The Skeleton
functions in
support and
movement

58. Anatomy of the
Skeleton…

59. Functions:
1. provides framework that holds the body up; maintains shape

60. 2. protects soft organs Brain Spinal Cord Heart, Lungs
a. skull protects:
b. backbone protects:
c. ribs protect:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Heart, Lungs

61. Bones as Living Organs…

62. Bone matrix
Made of the protein collagen (provides flexibility) and calcium & phosphate (makes bones strong)

64. Cartilage
Flexible, elastic connective tissue which provides cushioning and flexibility at joints

65. A fetus has a skeleton that is made mostly of cartilage, which is very flexible for child birth.

66. http://www. pennmedicine. org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation. aspx

67. Adults have cartilage at ends of ribs, between vertebrae, ends
of bones, nose, ear, and trachea

69. Marrow
Yellow: found in central cavity of long bones, stored fat

70. Marrow
Red: found in certain bones (humerus, hip, sternum), produces cells that become blood cells

72. Joints
Places in the skeleton where bones are connected and make movement possible

73. Ligaments
Tough elastic connective tissue that connect bone to bone at a movable joint

76. Joints:
Hinge joints (elbow & knee)
Ball and socket (hip & shoulder

77. Joints:
Pivot joint (neck)
Immovable joints (the bones of the skull)

79. Two examples of
skeletal disorders
are arthritis and
osteoporosis…

80. Arthritis
-itis means inflammation
Inflammation of the joints

81. Osteoporosis Bones become thin, porous, more easily broken Prevention?
calcium

82. 27.5 Muscles
move the
skeleton by
contracting

83. Tendons
Tough, inelastic cords that attach muscles to bones

85. Antagonistic pairs Muscles usually operate in pairs
One muscle extends (straightens), one muscle flexes (bends)

86. extension flexion

87. Example of antagonistic muscle pair

88. What is the
structure of a
muscle???

89. Recall… 3 types of muscles? Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

90. Skeletal muscle
Has the capacity to contract or shorten
HOW?

91. Muscle fiber
Long muscle cells with many nuclei
(very unique cell)

92. Actin & Myosin
The 2 types of protein that make up the muscle fiber

93. Actin & Myosin
Responsible for the shortening and lengthening of skeletal muscles.

95. Let’s look at a Skeletal Muscle Animation