1. DOCUMENT STUDY
any written material that contain information about the phenomena we wish to study.
primary documents vs. secondary documents
primary -- eye-witness accounts, written
for personal reasons such as, letters, diaries, suicide notes, autobiographies.
secondary -- non-personal documents written for business or formal reasons such as files, agreements, contracts, record of events, biographies.
Secondary analysis -- analysis of data gathered or created by another person.

2. types of documentary analysis
basic distinction:
unstructured and non-quantitative
structured and quantitative
1. personal documents (unstructured-qualitative)
2. content analysis (structured-quantitative)
3. historical analysis (unstructured-both qualitative and quantitative

3. personal documents:
case study approach
consists of construction of taxonomies to illustrate some theoretical point
analysis of personal letters, photographs, films, diaries etc..

4. content analysis
the goal is to take a verbal non-quantitative document and transform it into quantitative data.
objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the content of a text.
to describe trends
to relate content to message sources
audit content against standards
to analyze style
to describe patterns of communication

5. how do you do content analysis?
To conduct a content analysis, the text is coded, or broken down, into manageable categories on a variety of levels--word, word sense, phrase, sentence, or theme--and then examined
The results are then used to make make inferences about the messages within the text(s), the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part.
1. construct mutually exclusive categories
2. record the frequency with which each of these categories observed in the document
3. analyze data

6. examples Newspaper coverage of asylum seekers
Türkiye’de Aile Planlaması kanunu ile ilgili meclis tutanakları
Portrayal of poverty in TV series
Portrayal of class in TV commercials
Newspaper coverage on TOKİ…….

7. construct categories.
classification of advertisements.
Subject matter
__ health __ food or beverage (except alcohol) __ alcoholic beverage __ cigarettes __ media (movies, videos, DVDs, books) __ automotive __ technology (TV, cell phones, computers) __ travel (inc. vacation, hotels, resorts) __ home appliances __ furniture __ jewelry (inc. watches) __ other (describe) _______ __ female __ male __ both __ unable to determine    
Target audience
__ young adult (18-24) __ adult (25-39) __ middle age (40-64) __ senior citizen (65+)

8. steps in content analysis
draw samples
define categories
define recording unit
define context unit
define system of enumeration

9. categories:
should reflect the purpose of the research
should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive
should be independent
recording unit (unit of analysis):
- single word or symbol
- the theme
- the character
- the sentence or paragraph
- the item
- location, place

10. context unit:
the context of the word within the larger unit
systems of enumeration:
- appears or not
- frequency
- amount of space given
- strength or intensity

11. Historical research oral history document analysis
Oral history can be defined as the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical information, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker.
It often takes the form of eye-witness evidence about past events, but can include folklore, myths, songs and stories passed down over the years by word of mouth. While it is an invaluable way of preserving the knowledge and understanding of older people, it can also involve interviewing younger generations.

12. Oral history
Oral historians generally prefer to ask open-ended questions and avoid leading questions that encourage people to say what they think the interviewer wants them to say.
Some interviews are “life reviews,” conducted with those at the end of their careers, others are focused on a specific period in their lives, such as war veterans, or specific events, such as those with survivors of 17 Ağustod earthquake.

13. validity and reliability of document study:
face validity
elective survival problem
authenticity
criterion validity
no possibility of comparison
construct validity
reliability:
instrument reliability
analyst reliability
yet, though quantitative still subjective.

14. authenticity To sum up 4 criteria of reliability and validity :
credibility
(sincerity and accuracy)
representativeness
(survival and availability)
meaning
(literal and interpretive understanding)