1. Bleeding & Shock

2. Bleeding occurs when capillaries, veins, and arteries are damaged
Can be internal or external
Internal Bleeding – typically result of blunt trauma or a medical condition (ulcers, ectopic pregnancy, excessive vomiting)
External Bleeding – when the skin is disturbed and blood runs out

3. 3 types of bleeding Arterial – a punctured or severed artery
Venous – rupture of one or more veins
Capillary – (most common) from the surface capillaries
All types require immediate care to prevent shock, infection or death

4. Arterial Bleeding Signs: Problems: What to do: Bright Red
Spurts or pulses with heartbeat
Problems:
Can lead to large volume of blood loss in short amount of time
Can be fatal
Take serious!!!!!!!
What to do:
Wear gloves!!!! & protective gear if available
Apply direct pressure (use gauze)
Treat victim for shock (next lecture)
Call 9-1-1
Elevate injury if possible
If direct pressure doesn’t work
Use pressure points
Use tourniquet (use caution b/c usually they will lose limb)

6. Venous Bleeding Signs: Problems: What to do: Blood is dark
Flow is steady
Problems:
Less than arterial but still take serious
Can still bleed out or result in shock
What to do:
Wear gloves
Apply direct pressure for 6 mins
That’s the amount of time it takes for clotting agents to work
Most clotting agents are in veins
Apply compression bandage
Should be seen by doctor

7. Capillary Bleeding Signs: Problems: What to do: Slow and oozes
Usually from scratches or minor cuts
Most common type of bleeding
Problems:
Bleeding is slow – higher risk of infection
What to do:
Wear gloves
Clean with water or saline
Apply bandage to stop bleeding and prevent infection

8. Shock Shock – blood fails to send oxygen to the body parts
Organs are deprived of oxygen
May result in death or damage to limbs, organs
8 types of shock
Hemorrhagic – loss of blood from injury
Respiratory – lungs can’t get oxygen to blood
Neurogenic – loss of blood control to nervous system
Cardiogenic – inadequate function of heart
Metabolic – loss of body fluids
Anaphylactic – severe allergic reaction
Septic – reaction to severe infection
Psychogenic – response to fear, stress, or emotional crisis (pass out)

9. Hemorrhagic Shock – loss of blood
Could be internal or external
Blood pressure falls
Oxygen is not available to body
Causes:
Severe blunt trauma
Arterial bleeding

10. Respiratory Shock – lungs can’t get oxygen to blood
Causes:
disease
Illness
Bruising of lungs
Leads to dypsnea (difficulty breathing) which leads to collapse of cardiorespiratory system

11. Neurogenic Shock – loss of vascular control by the nervous system
What actually is happening:
Normally, the nervous system keeps the muscles of the veins and arteries partially contraction. Loss of this contraction interrupts blood flow
Causes:
Fluid loss
CNS trauma
Emotional shock

12. Cardiogenic Shock – inadequate function of heart
Causes:
Heart is damaged through disease, infection or injury
Very rare in athletics
Typically if this happens in sports, its because the athlete had a prior undiagnosed heart condition

13. Metabolic Shock – severe loss of body fluids
Causes:
Severe diarrhea or vomiting
Severe dehydration

14. Anaphylactic Shock – severe allergic reaction
Most allergies are not life threatening
Itchiness, sneezing, rash, etc
Some people have an very over reactive immune system to certain substances which causes their body to swell up rapidly (can’t breath)
What to do:
Carry an epi-pen

15. Septic Shock – when the body has a severe infection
Bacteria release toxins in blood, toxins prevent blood/heart from functioning properly
Symptoms:
Fever, elevated breathing, dizziness
Requires immediate medical attention

16. Psychogenic Shock – physiological response to fear, stress or emotional crisis which causes a person to faint
Causes:
Sudden temporary dilation of the blood vessels that reduce blood flow to brain
Will correct itself, lift their legs up to get blood to brain

17. General Signs and Symptoms of Shock
Restlessness & anxiety
Abnormal heart rate
Cold and clammy skin
Sweating
Face is pale, mouth bluish
Dull, lusterless eyes with dilated pupils
Thirst
Nausea and vomiting
Dropping blood pressure
NOTE: these are not for anaphylactic shock

18. General Care and Treatment for Shock
Maintain clear airway
Control all bleeding
Elevate extremities
Avoid movement of victim or be gentle
Prevent loss of body heat
Don’t give them anything to eat or drink (prevent choking)
Monitor vital signs
Keep victim calm
Call (probably should do first)