1. The Age of Jefferson,
APUSH
Mrs. Chevres

2. APUSH KEY CONCEPT
4.3 The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
4.3 I.A Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought influence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.

3. The “Revolution” of 1800
Election created much animosity & partisanship
He sought to calm Federalist fears by keeping some of their policies
Inaugural Address: “We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans”
Maintained national debt & continued Hamilton’s debt-repayment plan
Carried on neutrality policies of Jefferson & Adams.

4. Republican Simplicity: Implementing Jefferson’s Policies
Reduced the size of the military (ex. Republican Simplicity)
There had been a military build-up due to Quasi-War
Later forced to increase military size b/c of Barbary Pirates
Eliminated many federal jobs but dismissed few public servants for political reasons (ex. Republican Simplicity)
Repealed the excise taxes – including whiskey tax
Felt Whiskey Rebellion was free speech
Lowered the national debt
Only selected Republicans to his cabinet
Did not want the internal divisions that divided Washington

5. The LouiSIana puRCHASE, 1803

6. Background on the Louisiana Territory
Louisiana was a large and mostly unexplored tract of western land through which the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers flowed
New Orleans = most valuable property in the territory in terms of commerce
1800: Napoleon Bonaparte had secretly forced Spain to give Louisiana back to France so he could create a new French Empire
1803: Napoleon lost interest in his plan, why?
Napoleonic Wars in Europe intensified
Haitian rebellion by Toussant l’Overture against French rule resulted in heavy French losses

7. U.S. Interest in Mississippi River
By 1800, our western frontier extended beyond Ohio and Kentucky into the Indian Territory
This region depended on transporting goods on rivers that flowed into the Mississippi and southward to New Orleans for their economic survival
1802: Spain revoked our right of deposit; western settlers demanded action
Jefferson feared so long as a foreign power controlled New Orleans, the U.S. risked foreign entanglements

8. Negotiating the Purchase
Jefferson sent diplomats to France with instructions to purchase New Orleans and a small strip of land extending between New Orleans and Florida for $10 million
If negotiations failed, diplomats were to head to Britain and negotiate and U.S.-British alliance
French ministers offered to sell us the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million b/c France desperate for $$$ in war against England
U.S. diplomats accepted, but is it constitutional?
Strict vs. Loose Interpretation
Jefferson sets aside his beliefs for what he perceived as the greater good of the nation

9. Impact of the Louisiana Purchase
Doubled the size of the U.S.
Removed foreign presence from out borders
Guaranteed extension of western frontier
Jefferson hoped acquisition of millions of acres of land would further his vision for the country as a nation of citizen farmers
Increased Jefferson’s popularity
Showed the Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist party b/c they opposed purchase

10. Lewis and Clark Expedition
Expedition funded by Congress to explore the trans-Mississippi West
Benefits of the expedition
Greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region
Stronger U.S. claims to Oregon Territory
Better relations with American Indians
More accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers

11. THE MARSHALL COURT,

12. John Marshall
After the Election of 1800 the only branch of government still in Federalist control was the judicial branch
Marshall was appointed by John Adams in the final months of Adams’ presidency
Chief justice for 34 years
His decisions generally strengthened the central government at the expense of states rights
Decisions also tended to be pro-business and favored contracts

13. Marbury v. Madison, 1803
When Jefferson became president he wanted to block the Federalist judges appointed by President John Adams during his final days in office (midnight judges)
Order his Secretary of State James Madison not to deliver the commissions to those federal judges
One of Adams’ midnight judges, William Marbury sued for his commission
First major case decided by Marshall that would put him in direct conflict with Jefferson

14. The Principle of Judicial Review
The Marbury v. Madison ruling
Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act of 1789
However, Marshall said that act had given the Court more power than the constitution allowed and therefore the law was unconstitutional so Marbury would not receive his commission
What it all means:
Marshall sacrificed what would have been a small federalist victory (Marbury’s appointment) for a greater one
The decision created the principle of judicial review; Supreme Court now had the power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was constitutional
Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government

15. Judicial Impeachments
Partisan federalist judges tried to block Jefferson’s Republican agenda with their decisions when possible
Jefferson supported a campaign of impeachment to remove Federalist judges
One federal district judge found to be mentally unbalanced; he was impeached & removed
The House also voted to impeach Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase but he was ultimately acquitted in the Senate
Ensured impeachment would not become a political tool
Threat of impeachment caused the judges to be more cautious and less partisan in their decisions
Samuel Chase

16. Jefferson’s 2nd term
Although Jefferson was incredibly popular and won re-election in 1804 by an overwhelming margin, his 2nd term was marked by growing difficulties

17. Opposition from "Quids"
Jefferson faced opposition from Old Republicans (“Quids”) who accused him of abandoning his Republican principles

18. The Problem of Aaron Burr
After Election of 1800 Electoral College fiasco, Burr not re-nominated in 1804 to be Jefferson’s vice president
He became a problem for the Jefferson Administration
Federalist Conspiracy
Secretly formed a political pact with some radical New England federalists (Essex Junto)
Planned to win the governorship of New York in election, then unite the state with the New England states and secede from the nation
Alexander Hamilton discovered the plan and convinced his federalist allies not to elect Burr

19. Burr Kills Hamilton, 1804
Angered by an insulting remark made by Hamilton, Burr challenged him to a duel and fatally shot him
Burr became a political outcast

20. Burr’s Trial for Treason, 1806
Burr’s scheming turned westward with a plan to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana in order to make himself a king
When Jefferson learned of the conspiracy he ordered Burr arrested for treason
John Marshall was the judged who presided over the trial
Burr was acquitted
b/c Marshall defined the definition of treason so narrowly Burr’s actions did not meet his definition

21. Difficulties Abroad
Jefferson tried to emulate Washington and Adams’ policies of avoiding war, rejecting permanent alliances, and maintaining neutrality despite increasing provocations from England and France during the Napoleonic Wars
Challenges to U.S. Neutrality
French and British blockades led to those countries frequently seizing the ships of neutral nations and seizing their cargoes
b/c Britain’s navy was stronger they were the worst offender from the U.S. point of view
U.S. also angered by British policy of impressment

22. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, 1807
A few miles off the coast of Virginia, the British warship Leopard, demanded that the captain of the U.S. warship Chesapeake hand over 4 sailors that were alleged British deserters
U.S. captain refused
Leopard opened fire on the Cheasapeake
3 killed and 4 impressed
Anti-British feeling ran high and many Americans demanded war

23. The Embargo Act, 1807
Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass this act as an alternative to war
Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port
Jefferson hoped it would damage Britain’s economy b/c we were their largest trading partner

24. The Impact of the Embargo
The embargo backfired, it brought much greater economic hardship to the USA than to Britain
New England, the center of U.S. trade hit hard
Many merchants & ship owners were Federalists and talk of secession emerged
Became a political liability for Jefferson
Federalists did better in elections of 1808
Jefferson repealed embargo days before he left office in but even after repeal U.S. prevented from trading with Britain and France
The only good thing was the embargo forced our infant industries to develop more quickly

25. The Presidency of James Madison

26. The Election of 1808
Jefferson honors two-term tradition started by Washington
Supports his protégé, Madison
Madison wins the presidency but Federalists gain seats in Congress due to unhappiness w/embargo

27. Commercial Warfare
Madison’s presidency was dominated by same European problems that plagued Jefferson in his 2nd term.
Like Jefferson he tried to use a combination of diplomacy and economic pressure to deal with the Napoleonic Wars
Nonintercourse Act of 1809
Americans could trade with all nation’s except France and England
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
U.S. economy still suffering under Nonintercourse Act. Congress proposed a bill that would restore trade with either Britain or France in exchange for their promise to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea and the U.S. would prohibit trade with that country’s enemy
Napoleon’s Deception
He announces plan to revoke the decrees that violated U.S. neutrality and Madison implemented Macon’s Bill, thus prohibiting trade with Britain
French continued to seize American ships

28. The war of 1812

29. Causes of the War of 1812: Violation of U.S. neutrality
Needed free trade for our survival
Impressments
Trouble w/Britain on our western frontier
Other Factors:
General sympathy for France
Desire for territorial expansion

30. A Closer Look at Neutrality Issue: The U. S
A Closer Look at Neutrality Issue: The U.S. Desire for Free Seas and Trade
U.S. depended upon the free flow of shipping across the Atlantic for our economic survival and prosperity
British and French blockades led to frequent violations of a neutral rights as sea
From U.S. perspective British violations were worse
Their navy was strong
British practice of impressment was especially upsetting to Americans

31. A Closer Look at Frontier Pressures
Americans desire for expansion
Westerners longed for the lands of British Canada and Spanish Florida
Standing in the way were the British and their Indian and Spanish allies
Conflicts with American Indians
This was an ongoing problem for westerners
1811: Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Prophet attempted to unite the tribes east of the Mississippi River in a new Indian Confederacy
The Indiana Governor William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippecanoe
Rumors swirled that the British were supplying Tecumseh and Prophet with weapons and encouraging them to rebel
Engraving of British General Brock meeting with Tecumseh

32. Cause: Election of the War Hawks
Midterm Election of 1810 brought a group of new, young Democratic- Republicans to Congress, many of whom were from frontier states
Known as the war hawks for their eagerness for war with Britain
Argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier
Quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives
Henry Clay
of Kentucky
John C. Calhoun
of S. Carolina

33. War Hawk View of Indians

34. British delays in meeting U.S. demands over neutral rights
The Spark
British delays in meeting U.S. demands over neutral rights
Political pressures from the war hawk Congress
Ironically, by the time of the declaration of war, the British gov’t had agreed to suspend the naval blockade that had so angered the Americans. News of the decision reached the White House after Congress had declared war
Finally persuaded Madison to seek a declaration of war but nation was divided
Irony: Neither country really wanted war

35. “Mr. Madison’s War” and the Election of 1812 Madison was re-elected
But election showed there was division in the country over the war
Republican strength in the South & West overcame Federalist & anti-war Republican opposition in the North

36. Opponents of “Mr. Madison’s War”
NE Merchants
Suffered significant loss in trade
Protestant background made them more sympathetic to Brits than Catholic French
Federalists
Opposed on principle
Viewed war as Republican scheme to grab land (Canada & Florida) to increase their voting strength
“Quids”
Felt war violated classic Republican commitment to limited federal power and to maintenance of peace

37. Our Military Strategy
British advantage: overwhelming military superiority
Strategy: Hope Napoleon wars continue
British military would be divided & pre-occupied so they won’t be focused on war with us
Invade Canada

38. Invasion of Canada, 1812
Complete failure. Other invasion efforts also failed.

39. British Strategy: Blockade
By 1813, British navy was less preoccupied w/Napoleon and began effectively counterattacking our privateers

40. Put-in-Bay, 1814
Capt. Oliver Hazard Perry was victorious and gained control of Lake Erie. We had also gained control of Lake Ontario.

41. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814
Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians

42. British Invasion! 1814 Napoleon was defeated.
Burning of our public buildings was done in retaliation of our burning of the Canadian capital of York. Low point of American fortunes in the war
1814 Napoleon was defeated.
British could focus full attention on U.S.
August 24, 1814 British troops entered Washington D.C. and burned the White House

43. Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner
Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814
Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner
After burning Washington, the British army headed up the bay toward Baltimore. Baltimore prepared for a showdown at Fort McHenry.
“Oh Say Can You See, By the Dawn’s Early Light. . .”

44. The Hartford Convention, 1814
Radical Federalists in New England were strongly opposed to the war and to the Democratic-Republican government in Washington
Urged that the constitution be amended and as a last resort, secession be discussed
The convention was held to discuss those issues
At the convention more moderate Federalists rejected calls for secession but did make a number of proposals to limit the growing power of Democratic-Republicans in the West and South as well as a proposal that a 2/3 vote of both houses be required for any future declaration of war

45. Battle of New Orleans, 1815 Gen. Andrew Jackson led us to victory
Fought 2 wks AFTER peace treaty was signed

46. The Treaty of Ghent, 1814
Returned all conquered territory to prewar claimants
Recognized pre-war boundary between Canada & U.S.
We’re winners b/c we didn’t lose any territory!!!
Terms very favorable to U.S. why?
British tired of war

47. The War's Legacy
Gained respect of other nations  had survived 2 wars with England
Accepted Canada was part of British Empire
Ended the Federalist party as a national force and even saw its popularity decline in New England
Talk of secession was denounced but the precedent regarding secession and nullification that New England had set would later be used by the South
Americans Indians were forced to surrender land to white settlers
Abandoned by the British
British blockade had helped promote American economic self-sufficiency
We had been forced to build our own factories
War heroes like Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison emerged as a new generation of political leaders
Feelings of nationalism grew stronger as did the belief that the future for America lay to the West away from Europe