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Before History Chapter 1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Forming the Complex Society
Basic development: Hunting and foraging Agriculture Complex society Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Prehistory and History
What is “history”? Documentation Written records Archaeological discovery Requisite human presence (or “natural” history) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Hominids Animals adapt themselves to environment
Hominids adapt environment to themselves Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Australopithecus “The southern ape” – despite name, a hominid
Discovery of skeleton AL 288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nicknamed “Lucy” About 3.5 feet, 55 pounds, bipedal, brain 500 cubic centimeters (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Later Hominids Homo erectus, “upright walking human”
Larger brain capacity (1,000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire, ability to communicate complex ideas Homo sapiens, “consciously thinking human” Largest brain, esp. frontal regions Most sophisticated tools and social organization; flexible language Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Natural Environment
By about 15,000 years ago, Homo sapiens in every habitable region of the world Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hut-like dwellings Use of fire, animal skins Hunting pushed several animals to extinction Climatic change may have accelerated process Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Paleolithic Society Paleolithic era: “old stone age” Evidence:
Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization Division of labor along gender lines Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Relative Social and Gender Equality
Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth Relatively egalitarian existence More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality Possible gender equality related to food production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gathering Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Big-Game Hunting Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones Required planning, communication Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Paleolithic Settlements
Natufian society Modern-day Israel and Lebanon Wild wheat, herding Jomon society Central Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing Chinook society Pacific northwest of North America Berries, acorns, salmon runs Groups of several hundred or more Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Neandertal Peoples Neander valley, western Germany
Flourished in Europe and southwest Asia, 200,000 to 35,000 years ago Also found in Africa, east Asia Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Creativity of Homo sapiens
Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear-throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces, and bracelets The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans’ power over nature “Venus” figurines Cave paintings Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Neolithic Era Neolithic era: “new stone age”
Distinction in tool production Chipped vs. polished Global climate change Conditions unreliable until after last ice age Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Transition to Agriculture
Reliance on cultivation for subsistence Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurturing vegetation rather than foraging Spread of agriculture Slash-and-burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Agriculture and Population Growth
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Early Agricultural Society
Emergence of villages and towns Jericho Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük—a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250–5400 B.C.E. Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry Development of crafts Pottery, metallurgy, and textile production Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Social Distinctions Accumulation of landed wealth initiated development of social classes Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Neolithic Culture Farmers closely observed the natural world—an early kind of applied science Elements of natural environment essential for functioning Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Origins of Urban Life
Craft specialization Social stratification Governance Cultural workers Emergence of cities—a gradual process Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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