1. FRM ICAO Guide for Operators 2015

2. The Guide covers Scientific Principles of Fatigue Management
Sleep, Circadian Rhythm, Jet Lag, Workload
Operational Knowledge and Experience
The Prescriptive Approach
FRMS Operational Components
FRMS Organisational Components
FRMS Implementation
Preparation - Trial - Launch - Maintain and improve
Appendix A - G: FRMS examples, processes & records

3. What is Sleep?
Cycle 2: Real sleep is not as tidy as this - brief awakenings - lighter sleep - Personal factors
Stage 1 - Lighter again
Stage 2 - Lighter again - sometimes the sleeper moves
Stage 3 - Deep slow wave - shorter - less time as the homeostatic pressure is released
REM sleep starting to increase
Cycles 3 & 4
Stage 1 - Lighter again
Stage 2 - Lighter again - sometimes the sleeper moves
Stage 3 - None
REM sleep becoming more dominant
Cycle 5
Stage 1 - Lighter only
Stage 2 - finished
Stage 3 - None
REM sleep becoming more dominant, if you wake now you will remember vivid dreams
Cycle 1: Fall asleep into non-REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)
Stage 1 - Lighter
Stage 2 - Lighter - sometimes the sleeper moves
Stage 3 - Deep slow wave sleep - necessary for learning - the longer awake; the more you need
REM sleep
90 minutes
REM 1 2 3
Night Morning
7 to hours

4. Recap The Science of Sleep REM sleep (25%) Non-REM sleep (75%)
Scientific Principles of Fatigue Management
Sleep, Circadian Rhythm, Jet Lag, Workload
The Science of Sleep
Non-REM sleep (75%)
REM sleep (25%)
quiet brain, quiet body
90 min
cycles
busy brain, paralysed body
Stage 1 & 2 - Light
Stage 3 slow wave - Deep
Memories sorted & stored
A body processing Alcohol cannot get REM sleep
In S3 Memories sorted & stored
Deep sleep reduces in age, particularly in Men
Night Morning 1 2 3
REM
7 to hours

5. Sleep loss Scientific Principles of Fatigue Management
Sleep, Circadian Rhythm, Jet Lag, Workload
Night Morning 1 2 3
REM
7 to hours
one hour less sleep a night will have an impact on the following days alertness levels and performance will be reduced.
Loses most of the REM
Sleep Inertia
Drowsiness in the afternoon dip
Several nights of reduced sleep and the most complex tasks the brain function begin to fail fastest
3 x 8 hour sleeps is not
enough to recover from
7 x 7 hour sleeps
These are communication and decision making

6. Caffeine - ‘The Saviour’
Found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, colas and even better - in chocolate.
It takes about 30 minutes to take full effect and can last for up to 5 hours.
How does it do this?
It blocks that well-known chemical in the brain ‘adenosine’, which increases the feeling of sleepiness. So it doesn’t replace the need for sleep, it just keeps the performance declining effects at bay.

7. Circadian Rhythm - Natural
A Normal Day:
Night
Sleep
Work
Circadian Rhythm shown as a 1 Celsius rise and fall twice a day
24 hours
12:00
00:00
12:00

8. Circadian Rhythm - Earlies
Earlies - start work before natural wake-up:
Sleep - Needs to be started earlier - but naturally can’t - syncronisation needs to occur over several days
24 hours
12:00
00:00
12:00
Accept the sleep debt and risk Fatigue. Over several days of Earlies you may begin to shift your Circadian Rhythm to adapt. Limiting the cumulative Fatigue and Sleep debt.
Complete synchronisation is unlikely - Therefore some Sleep Debt will occur.

9. Circadian Rhythm - Jet Lag
Jet Lag - Night and Day are not syncronised to your Circadian Rhythm:
Sleep - Needs to be started after flying to/from a time zone where night and day are not the same as your home time-zone.
24 hours
12:00
00:00
12:00
Accept that a full sleep period is unlikely - Consider how to Acclimatise quickly:
Do you - Phase Advance or Phase Delay? (does your daily cycle take less than 24 hours)
Are you a - Lark or Owl?
Beginning a trip with some Sleep Debt seems to increase the duration and severity of Jet-Lag - MIXED MODE FLYING!

10. Average flight, duty & rest hours

11. FRMS why? FRMS Legal Prescriptive Not Legal FATIGUE
True distribution of acceptable Risk
True distribution of excessive Risk
Legal Prescriptive Not Legal
FATIGUE
False Negative and False Positive
FRMS
Eliminate False Negatives and False Positives by imperfect rules

12. Prescriptive
Duty
Rest
Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Wakefulness
Workload

13. Operational components
An FRMS has four components, 2 are Operationally focused - 2 are Organisational
Overseen by the ‘FSAG’ - Fatigue Safety Action Group
FRMS Policy and Documentation
FRMS Processes
FRMS Safety Assurance Processes
FRMS Promotion Process
Operational
Organisational
Processes & Safety assurance processes:
1. Fatigue level monitoring 2. Hazard identification Risk Assessment Mitigation when needed

14. Organisational components
Policy and Documentation -
Policy and objectives
Process and procedures
Accountabilities
Training Program
Rostermetrics - scheduled and actual, flight times, duty periods, deviations - why?
Findings output policy
But:

15. } FRMS - the weakness HOW? AIM FOR MAXIMUM POSSIBLE LEGAL WORKLOAD
‘The prescriptive limits are intended to be outer limits, not targets’
(ICAO Fatigue Management Guide for Airline Operators - Second Edition. 2015)
The ICAO guide also states:
‘Because fatigue is affected by all waking activities (not only work demands), fatigue management has to be a shared responsibility’
The Reality:
AIM FOR MAXIMUM POSSIBLE LEGAL WORKLOAD
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4 }
Working block / week
All driven by FTL and FRMS
Minimum Rest Period required
Regulator and Operator Controlled
Recurrent Extended Recovery Periods
HOW?

16. Why would ETF get involved?
The point of any effort to progress the concept of FRMS is not to shackle an airline or create some irresponsible rules that unduly restrict Flight or Cabin crew from operating when it’s perfectly safe for them to do so.
Its singular aim is to respect the human condition because neglecting us creates fatigue and ultimately will lower performance below acceptable standards.
The how, the when and the why are vital components and our understanding needs to be developed if we are to be safer than we are right now. The most likely area of fiercest concern will be the involvement of social and outside of work activity, being catered for in FRMS.

17. During the workshop we’ll look at
To date we have approached FTL as a technical project
Why?
FTL is a Scientific based Fatigue Prevention only tool, aimed at being a starting point for Operator specific FTL schemes by Deviations, Derogations and
Alt Mocs - (Alternative Means of Compliance)
FRMS must include all waking activities if it is to be successful? ?

18. Questions?

19. Hazards Predictive Previous Experience
Evidence based scheduling practices
Bio-mathematical modeling
Proactive
Self-reported fatigue risks
Fatigue surveys
Performance data
Safety databases and scientific studies
Planned vs actual time worked
Sleep monitoring
Reactive
Hazard reports
Operational Audits
Event investigations

20. Sleep Inertia Waking up is not an ‘ON’ - ‘OFF’ switch.
Various parts of the brain reactivate (come back on-line) is sequence
The transient grogginess and disorientation is known as ‘Sleep Inertia’ You are conscious but not fully awake
Often occurs if woken at the ‘wrong time’ in a sleep cycle
Mitigation:
Wake up Minutes before recommencing Safety-related duties
Follow the Guides’ Controlled Rest on the Flight Deck Napping procedures advice - Particularly length of Nap

21. n
Drowsiness
Cause: Being awake for Long periods of time, lack of sleep, boredom,
sitting for long periods
Some sleep is better than none
Mitigation: Napping procedures
In-Flight - 40 minutes (prevent stage 3 sleep), Cabin contact procedures
Stand By - Practicality? Control of Environment etc.
Not used to extend an FDP
Remember - For sleep to be fully restorative, it must contain
Unbroken cycles of non-REM and REM sleep.

22. n
Sleep recovery
The pressure to sleep builds and sleepiness can become uncontrollable, the brain disengages from the environment causing Micro Sleeps
Mitigation: Sleep
2 consecutives nights of unrestricted sleep
Sleep restriction over multiple nights will require more than 2 consecutive nights

23. n
Circadian Rhythm
Sleeping is not just a social convention - it is programmed by the Circadian Rhythm
The Pineal Gland - a small cluster of hormone releasing cells in the base of the brain
Light sensitive - cells in the Retina of the eye
Light in the morning shortens the body clock cycle - Phase advance
Light in the middle of the day - no change
Light in the evening lengthens the cycle - Phase delay
The time of day and intensity of light has an influence on the speed of circadian shift
Adaptation is faster when exposed to local time cues
After Eastward flights of 6 hour time-zones the circadian shift may run in the opposite
direction, shifting 18 time-zones - resynchronisation by partition
East-West & West-East

24. n
Cause of fatigue
Other potential causes of work-related fatigue include:
• additional tasks that are performed immediately prior to a flight or at intermediate points during a series of flights;
• high total duty time and flight time over specified periods (per month, per year), which increases the risk of cumulative fatigue;
• not having the opportunity for adequate recovery sleep after one trip (or set of consecutive duties) before starting the next trip; and
• other related tasks that crew members may be required to perform before or after flight duty, for example training activities, administrative duties, or baggage loading and unloading.

25. Predictive n Previous Experience - Managers, Schedulers and Crew
Crew may recognise a particular duty - heavy traffic, passenger type, weather etc.
Existing route information - Commanders Discretion, on-time performance, violations of current FTL rules, Stand By usage, Sickness levels, ASR’s
Evidence based scheduling practice - Expert review, current SMS, FSAG
Bio-mathematical models - Predict average group fatigue levels not individuals
Do not account for workload or personal and work related stressors
Or personal mitigation - Caffeine, exercise, improved rest facilities etc
Not a substitute for Risk Assessment

26. n
Proactive
Self-reporting - Information: 3 days of Sleep history min, time of day, validate impairment using a sleepiness scale ( Samn-Perelli 1-7, KSS Karalinska Sleepiness scale 1-9, Epworth 0-3)
Fatigue surveys - 1) Retrospective - Questions past sleep, fatigue, and factors or
2) Prospective - Records experiences of sleep, fatigue and mood in real time
Performance data - 3 main approaches; Simple tests, Flight Data analysis, & Observers
Safety databases and scientific studies - Available on the internet or contacting authors, studies may be in-house with assistance from the scientific community
Planned vs Actual - FSAG - Duties that exceed 30 minutes, Commanders Discretion, Stand By crew used, Trip swaps
Sleep monitoring - Sleep Diary, Actigraph, EEG (not practical)

27. Sleepiness scales - KSS

28. Sleepiness scales - Samn Perelli

29. Sleepiness scales - Epworth

30. Reactive Hazard Reports - Fatigue Reports, Confidential Reports
Audit Reports
Incident Reports
Flight Data Analysis
Voluntary
There is no simple test (such as a blood test), it has to be shown that;
The person was probably in a fatigued state; and
The person took particular actions/decisions that were casual in what went wrong; and
The actions/decisions are consistent with behaviour expected in a fatigued person