1. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
General structure of engine model and the designed MIMO controller

2. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Tracking performance of the designed controller

3. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison between simulated and measured tailpipe HC emissions

4. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Control signals calculated by the SMC to the engine to follow the desired trajectories

5. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Evolution of eigenvalues for uncontrolled states x2 and x4

6. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Designed hybrid switching system

7. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Behavior of engine brake torque and engine raw HC rate versus exhaust gas temperature

8. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Evolution of switching times with optimization step

9. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison of the TWC conversion efficiency and temperature in three designed cold start control strategies

10. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison among HC emissions of the designed control strategies: (a) engine raw cumulative HC, (b) tailpipe cumulative HC, and (c) mode schedule

11. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Model-in-the-loop setup used for real-time testing of the designed controller

12. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison between switching times from real-time and off-line computation

13. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison of the TWC performance among nonswitching and switching (off-line, real-time) cold start strategies

14. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Comparison between emission performance

15. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Effect of oxygen sensor faults on the λ-controller performance

16. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Gradient of tailpipe emission with respect to λ at different Tcat values

17. Date of download: 10/15/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission
J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Increase of HCtp due to oxygen sensor fault. (a) fault in sensor gain and (b) fault in sensor response time (the results are from running the controller in real-time on the dSPACE ECU).