1. Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Chapter 12
Nonrenewable Energy Resources

2. Overview Module 34: Patterns of Energy Use
Module 35: Fossil Fuel Resources
Module 36: Nuclear Energy Resources

3. Module 34: Patterns of Energy Use
Do Now: Read the opening case study and answer the following questions:
What are some of the risks associated with use of nonrenewable fossil fuels?
Why are fossil fuels classified as a nonrenewable energy source?
Describe TWO impacts on the environment.

4. Nonrenewable Energy
Nonrenewable energy resources- fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels.

5. Fossil Fuels

6. Energy Sources
Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources.
Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.
Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

7. Thermodynamics
The laws of thermodynamics tell us two things about converting heat energy from steam to work:
1) The conversion of heat to work cannot be 100 % efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted.
2) The efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases.

8. Energy Units and Use
Joule (J) (pronounced: JOOL): amount of energy exerted when a force of one newton (N) is applied over a displacement of one meter.
Unit prefixes:
Kilo (K) = 1,000 or 10^3
i.e., 1 Kilowatt (kW) = 1,000 watts = 10^3 W
1 KJ = 1,000 joule = 10^3 J
milli (m) = 1/1,000 or 10^-3
mega (M) = 1,000,000 or 10^6
Giga (G) = 1,000,000,000 or 10^9

9. Energy vs. Power Energy: ability to do work (vague sense)
Work: amount of energy over a certain time.
Common Energy Units: J, KJ, MJ, GJ, BTU, cal., kcal, kWh…
Common Power Units: W, KW, MW, GW…
1 W = 1 J/s

10. Do the Math Express the following in scientific notation: 10,000
34,567,000
0.0053

11. Do the Math Addition and Subtraction: (1.23 x 10^2 ) + (0.76 x 10^2)

12. Do the Math Multiplication and Division: (3.4x10^6) x (2.0 x 10^3)

13. Energy Units and Use
Btu (British thermal unit) - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 ºF.
cal (calorie) - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 ºC. Commonly, kilocalorie (kcal) is used.
1 Btu = 252 cal = kcal
1 Btu = 1055 J (joule) = kJ
1 cal = J

14. Energy Units and Use
Two other units that are often seen are the horsepower and the watt. These are not units of energy, but are units of power.
1 watt (W) = Btu / hour
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W
Watt-hour - Another unit of energy used only to describe electrical energy. Usually we use kilowatt-hour (kW-h) since it is larger.
quad (Q) - used for describing very large quantities of energy. 1 Q = 1015 Btu

15. Do the Math
A runner burns 600 Calories in track practice. How many J did the runner burn?
1 Calorie = 1,000 calories
A lawnmower has 5 hp. How many watts would that equal?

16. Energy Use
Commercial energy sources- those that are bought and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas.
Subsistence energy sources- those gathered by individuals for their own use such as wood, charcoal and animal waste.

17. Changes in U.S. Energy Uset

18. Worldwide Patterns of Energy Use
Energy consumption in the United States from 1850 through Wood and then coal once dominated our energy supply. Today a mix of three fossil fuels accounts for most of our energy use. The recent increase in natural gas and decrease in oil and coal is quite evident.

19. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

20. Different energy forms are best suited for specific purposes
The best form of energy to use depends on the particular purpose for which it is needed.
It is possible to determine energy efficiency by calculating the energy return on energy investment (EROEI)
EROI = Energy obtained from fuel ÷ Energy invested to obtain fuel
The larger the value of EROI, the more efficient the fuel.

21. Process of Energy Use

22. Efficiency of different modes of transportation
If you are traveling distance is 300 miles, how many MJ of energy you would use if you will be driving?
300 miles x 1.6=480km kmx3.6MJ/passenger-km
=1728 MJ/passenger

23. Energy and Transportation

24. Electricity accounts for 40 percent of our energy use
Electricity can be generated from many different sources
Energy carrier Something that can move and deliver energy in a convenient, usable form to end users.

25. The Process of Electricity Generation
All thermal power plants convert the potential energy of a fuel into electricity.
Turbine A device with blades that can be turned by water, wind, steam, or exhaust gas from combustion that turns a generator in an electricity-producing plant.
Electrical grid A network of interconnected transmission lines that joins power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.

26. The Process of Electricity Generation
Steps for using coal to produce electricity:
The burning fuel from coal transfers energy to water, which becomes steam.
The kinetic energy contained within the steam is transferred to the blades of a turbine, a large device that resembles a fan.
As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the turbine turns the generator.
This mechanical motion generates electricity.

27. Electricity Generation

28. Electricity Generation
The burning fuel from coal transfers energy to water, which becomes steam.
The kinetic energy contained within the steam is transferred to the blades of a turbine, a large device that resembles a fan.
As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the turbine turns the generator.
This mechanical motion generates energy.

29. Energy Efficiency
Most coal burning power plants are about 35% efficient.

30. Cogeneration
Cogeneration- using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat.
Example- If steam is used for industrial purposes or to heat buildings it is diverted to turn a turbine first.
This improves the efficiency to as high as 90%.

31. M34 AP Review Questions
1. Which energy source does not originate from the Sun?
Coal
Solar
Oil
Nuclear
Natural gas

32. M34 AP Review Questions
1. Which energy source does not originate from the Sun?
Coal
Solar
Oil
Nuclear
Natural gas

33. M34 AP Review Questions
2. Traveling alone in a car uses 3.6 MJ of energy per km. If 4 people go on a trip of 400 miles, what is the MJ used per person?
200 MJ
320 MJ
580 MJ
860 MJ
1440 MJ

34. M34 AP Review Questions
2. Traveling alone in a car uses 3.6 MJ of energy per km. If 4 people go on a trip of 400 miles, what is the MJ used per person?
200 MJ
320 MJ
580 MJ
860 MJ
1440 MJ

35. M34 AP Review Questions 3. The major source of energy in the US is
Natural gas
Coal
Oil
Nuclear
Renewable

36. M34 AP Review Questions 3. The major source of energy in the US is
Natural gas
Coal
Oil
Nuclear
Renewable

37. M34 AP Review Questions
4. Which is an example of a secondary energy source?
Solar
Coal
Electricity
Heat
Nuclear

38. M34 AP Review Questions
4. Which is an example of a secondary energy source?
Solar
Coal
Electricity
Heat
Nuclear

39. M34 AP Review Questions 5. Cogeneration is
The use of two or more energy sources to generate electricity
The use of two separate turbines to generate electricity
A method of electricity generation that includes renewable energy.
The use of a fuel to generate heat and electricity
A method of increasing a power plant’s capacity factor.

40. M34 AP Review Questions 5. Cogeneration is
The use of two or more energy sources to generate electricity
The use of two separate turbines to generate electricity
A method of electricity generation that includes renewable energy.
The use of a fuel to generate heat and electricity
A method of increasing a power plant’s capacity factor.

41. Journal/Math #9
Work on questions 1 and 6

42. Module 35 Fossil Fuel Resources

43. Coal
Coal- a solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved million years ago.
Four types of coal ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content.
These four types are: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite.
The largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, and India.

44. Coal

46. Ranks of Coal
Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.
Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.
Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.
Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

47. Main Coal Deposits Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Anthracite

48. Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal
Energy-dense
Contains impurities
Plentiful (300 years of use remaining)
Release impurities into air when burned
Easy to exploit by surface mining
Trace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal
Technological demands are small
Combustion leads to increased levels of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants into the atmosphere.
Economic costs are low
Ash is left behind
Easy to handle and transport
Carbon is released into the atmosphere which contributes to climate change
Needs little refining
Major threat to health

49. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

60. Acid Mine Drainage
The impact of mine drainage on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years

61. Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment.
The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls.

62. Petroleum
Petroleum- a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.
Oil and gasoline make this ideal for mobile combustion, such as vehicles.
Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died million years ago.
Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico.

63. Petroleum

67. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves;
65% for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports.

68. Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum
Convenient to transport and use
Releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere
Relatively energy-dense
Possibility of leaks when extracted and transported
Cleaner-burning than coal
Some water pollution
Low Cost with subsidies
Ample supply for about 50 years
Releases sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic into the atmosphere when burned
When price is low discourages alternate choices encourages waste

69. Natural Gas
Natural gas- exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits separate from petroleum.
Contains 80 to 95 percent methane and 5 to 20 percent ethane, propane, and butane.

70. Sources of Natural Gas
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply.
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%);
90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).

71. billion cubic metres

72. Advantages and Disadvantages Natural Gas
Contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates
When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere
Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal
Ample supplies up to 150 years
Low cost with huge subsidies
Exploration of natural gas has the potential of contaminating groundwater
Shipped across oceans as highly flammable LNG

73. Other Fossil Fuels
Oil sands- slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.
Bitumen (tar or pitch)- a degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates close to the surface, where bacteria metabolize some of the light hydrocarbons and others evaporate.

75. The Hubbert Curve
Hubbert curve- a graph that shows the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point at which we would run out of oil.

76. The Future of Fossil Fuel Use
If current global use continues, we will run out of conventional oil in less than 40 years.
Coal supplies will last for at least 200 years, and probably much longer.

77. Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming.
Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.

78. M35 AP Review Questions
Which type of coal has the highest energy density?
Lignite
Peat
Bituminous
Anthracite
Subbitumious

79. M35 AP Review Questions
Which type of coal has the highest energy density?
Lignite
Peat
Bituminous
Anthracite
Subbitumious

80. M35 AP Review Questions
2. What makes petroleum convenient to use as a fuel for transportation?
High energy density
Clean burning
Its liquid state
I only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
III only

81. M35 AP Review Questions
2. What makes petroleum convenient to use as a fuel for transportation?
High energy density
Clean burning
Its liquid state
I only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
III only

82. M35 AP Review Questions 3. Natural gas is primarily Ethane Propane
Butane
Methane
Kerosene

83. M35 AP Review Questions 3. Natural gas is primarily Ethane Propane
Butane
Methane
Kerosene

84. M35 AP Review Questions 4. Bitumen is A form of liquid coal
A degraded type of petroleum
A by-product of natural gas extraction
A fast-forming fossil fuel
A petroleum product used for plastic production

85. M35 AP Review Questions 4. Bitumen is A form of liquid coal
A degraded type of petroleum
A by-product of natural gas extraction
A fast-forming fossil fuel
A petroleum product used for plastic production

86. M35 AP Review Questions 5. The Hubbert curve predicts that
Peak oil will occur once half of the supply is used up.
Finding additional reserves could greatly increase the time to peak oil.
Natural gas will be cheaper than oil by the early twenty-first century.
The cost of oil is independent of the world’s oil supply.
Coal will run out faster than oil.

87. M35 AP Review Questions 5. The Hubbert curve predicts that
Peak oil will occur once half of the supply is used up.
Finding additional reserves could greatly increase the time to peak oil.
Natural gas will be cheaper than oil by the early twenty-first century.
The cost of oil is independent of the world’s oil supply.
Coal will run out faster than oil.

88. Module 36: Nuclear Energy Resources

89. Nuclear Energy
Fission- a nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts.

90. Nuclear Reactors

91. Nuclear Reactors
Fuel rods- the cylindrical tubes that house the nuclear fuel used in a nuclear power plant.
Nuclear power plants work by using heat from nuclear fission to heat water. This water produces the steam to turn the turbine, which turns a generator.
Control rods- cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons, thus slowing or stopping the fission reaction.

92. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
No air pollution is produced
Possibility of accidents
Countries can limit their need for imported oil
Emits 1/6 as much pollution as coal
Low environmental impact if no accidents
Disposal of the radioactive waste
High cost even with high subsidies
Spreads knowledge for nuclear weapons
Low net energy yield

93. Radioactive Waste
Radioactive waste- once the nuclear fuel can not produce enough heat to be used in a power plant but it continues to emit radioactivity.
This waste must be stored in special, highly secure locations because of the danger to living organisms.

94. Radioactive Waste
High-level radioactive waste- the form used in fuel rods.
Low-level radioactive waste- the protective clothing, tools, rags, and other items used in routine plant maintenance.

95. Chernobyl
April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphere
Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths
Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths;
About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes
~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated
> Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity
Cost of incident > $358 billion

97. Three Mile Island
March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown
50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area
Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released
Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion
Released radiation increased cancer rates.

98. Fusion
Nuclear fusion- the reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. This occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei and heat is released.
Fusion is a promising, unlimited source of energy in the future, but so far scientists have had difficulty cotaining the heat that is produced.

99. M36 AP Review Questions
One g of U-235 produces approximately how much more energy than 1 g of coal?
3,000 times
19,000 times
80,000 times
400,000 times
2,000,000 times

100. M36 AP Review Questions
One g of U-235 produces approximately how much more energy than 1 g of coal?
3,000 times
19,000 times
80,000 times
400,000 times
2,000,000 times

101. M36 AP Review Questions 2. Control roads slow nuclear reactions by
Reducing the amount of fuel available
Absorbing the heat produced.
Increasing the rate heat transfers to the water
Absorbing excess neutrons
Adding additional barium to the reaction.

102. M36 AP Review Questions 2. Control roads slow nuclear reactions by
Reducing the amount of fuel available
Absorbing the heat produced.
Increasing the rate heat transfers to the water
Absorbing excess neutrons
Adding additional barium to the reaction.

103. M36 AP Review Questions 3. The process of fusion Splits atoms
Requires extremely high temperatures.
Uses plutonium instead of uranium
Requires several radioactive elements
Does not produce radioactive waste

104. M36 AP Review Questions 3. The process of fusion Splits atoms
Requires extremely high temperatures.
Uses plutonium instead of uranium
Requires several radioactive elements
Does not produce radioactive waste

105. M36 AP Review Questions
4. Increased interest in nuclear power is due to
Low energy costs
Lack of significant accidents
Low carbon dioxide emissions
New solutions for waste disposal
Decreased energy independence

106. M36 AP Review Questions
4. Increased interest in nuclear power is due to
Low energy costs
Lack of significant accidents
Low carbon dioxide emissions
New solutions for waste disposal
Decreased energy independence

107. M36 AP Review Questions
5. For a sample of Ti-44 with a half-life of 63 years, how long until 1/16 of the original amount is left?
63 years
126 years
189 years
252 years
315 years

108. M36 AP Review Questions
5. For a sample of Ti-44 with a half-life of 63 years, how long until 1/16 of the original amount is left?
63 years
126 years
189 years
252 years
315 years