1. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did the Cold War continue into the 1960s?
JFK and LBJ
ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did the Cold War continue into the 1960s?

2. TEKS and Objectives We will… I will…
(2D) explain the significance of as a turning point (8A) describe JFK’s role in the Cuban Missile Crisis (17D) identify actions of the Great Society and analyze the unintended consequences (24B) evaluate the contributions of Barry Goldwater
Summarize important accomplishments of JFK and LBJ presidencie

3. The Kennedy Presidency 1961-1963
John F. Kennedy (D)
Youngest president
Catholic (issue for some)
“ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country”
Defeated Nixon in Election of 1960
1st televised debate (better speaker)
Civil Rights Advocate (African American votes)
VP – Lyndon B. Johnson

4. The Kennedy Presidency 1961-1963
Peace Corps
American volunteers went to Africa, Asia, and Latin America to share skills
Green Berets
Special Forces that work for the CIA

5. JFK’s Foreign Policy Cuba
Fidel Castro led a revolution to overthrow brutal dictator Batista in 1959
Nationalized American businesses in Cuba
Private ownership limited
Opponents thrown in jail
Became pro-Soviet Communist nation

6. JFK’s Foreign Policy Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
Plan to overthrow Castro approved by Eisenhower
U.S. secretly trained Cuban exiles for invasion
Exiles caught by Cuban military
Embarrassment for Kennedy

7. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Reaction to Bay of Pigs
Castro wanted to protect Cuba
Khrushchev wanted missile sites closer to U.S.
U.S. spy planes discovered secret preparation for missile launch sites in Cuba for nuclear warheads
How to stop them without nuclear war?
Kennedy met with top officials to consider different plans of action
Some urged immediate strike on Cuba

8. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Kennedy Announces Naval Blockade
To prevent arrival of additional weapons from Soviets
Threatened to invade Cuba if missiles not removed
13-Day Negotiations
U.S. unpublically removed missiles from Turkey
U.S. promised never to invade Cuba
USSR removed Cuban missiles
Special hotline set up between U.S/USSR
Closest world came to nuclear war

9. On October 22, 1962, President Kennedy spoke to the nation:
“This secret and extraordinary buildup of Communist missiles—in an area known to have a special relationship to the United States and the nations of the Western Hemisphere, in violation of Soviet assurances, and in defiance of American and hemispheric policy—this decision to station weapons for the first time outside of Soviet soil—is an unjustified change in the status quo which cannot be accepted by this country…” In your opinion, did President Kennedy choose the right course of action during the Cuban Missile Crisis? Explain your answer.

10. JFK’s Foreign Policy JFK Visits Berlin The Berlin Wall (1961)
Challenged Soviet oppression
Offered hope
Reaffirmed support
The Berlin Wall (1961)
New Soviet Premier Nikkita Khrushchev
Constructed Berlin Wall to cut off East Berlin from West Berlin

11. Space Race JFK promised Americans would put a man on the moon
John Glen became fist American to orbit Earth
1969 – Neil Armstrong/Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon

12. JFK and Civil Rights Sent protection for Freedom Riders
Integration of the University of Alabama
Supported the creation of new Civil Rights Bill after the March on Washington

13. JFK Assassination JFK assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963
Lyndon B. Johnson sworn in
Warren Commission
Tasked with investigating assassination
Concluded Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone gunman

14. The Johnson Presidency (1963-1968)
The Great Society
Johnson’s domestic policy
opened up economic opportunities
improved lives for Americans

15. Johnson’s Great Society Programs
Civil Rights
Pushed through Civil Rights Act (1964), Voting Rights Act (1965)
Introduced Affirmative Action (quotas on businesses/public institutions for minorities)
War on Poverty
Economic Opportunity Act (1964)
Job Corps to train underprivileged youth
Domestic Peace Corps to help depressed areas

16. Johnson’s Great Society Programs
Medicare Act of 1965
Social Security expanded to include medical care, hospital insurance, and post-hospital nursing for people over 65
Aid to Cities
Money provided for urban planning, slum clearance, rental assistance for the poor, and the reconstruction of buildings

17. Johnson’s Great Society Programs
Changes in Immigration Policy
McCarren-Walter Act (1952) kept immigration quotas; favored Western Europe
Immigration Act of 1965 gave countries identical quotas; restricted immigration from Latin America

18. Election of 1964 Barry Goldwater Johnson wins in a landslide
Republican Presidential Candidate
Called for tough stance against Soviets
Criticized Great Society programs for too much government involvement
Johnson wins in a landslide
Many feared he would lead the nation to nuclear war

20. In 1960, Goldwater helped revive Conservative political thought with his book, Conscience of a Conservative. Here he defines what he sees as the key principle of American conservatism:
“[T]he Conservative looks upon politics as the art of achieving the [most] freedom for individuals consistent with [maintaining] social order…the Conservative recognizes that the utmost care is required to keep political power within its proper bounds. The delicate balance that exists between freedom and order has long since tipped against freedom everywhere on earth. In some countries, freedom is down and order holds absolutely sway. In our country the trend is less advanced, but gaining momentum. Thus, for the American Conservative, there is no difficulty in defining the day’s real challenge; to preserve and extend freedom. As he surveys the institutions and laws that currently prevail, the Conservative’s first concern is always: Are we maximizing freedom? I suggest we [look] at the issues facing us today with this question in mind.” According to Goldwater, what two forces are in constant conflict? What issues facing Americans today illustrate this same conflict?

21. Failure of the Great Society
High Cost of Vietnam War
Forced LBJ to withdraw funding from programs
Many Americans lived in poverty
Johnson did not seek a second term due to growing divisions over the war