1. Chapter 3
Colonial Way of Life

2. Map 3.4: The Colonies and Their Major Cities.
The creation of the English mainland colonies spanned almost 125 years, from the first settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607 to the founding of the last colony of Georgia in This map indicates the year each colony was founded, and the date in which eight of these colonies came directly under royal control. The map also locates the major colonial cities in each region.
Map 3-4, p. 73

3. Four Commercial Regions
Lower South – Rice and indigo exported to Europe; slaves
Chesapeake – tobacco main export from colonies; slaves
New England – “carrying trade” made region a rival of Britain; few slaves

4. Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware) – both trade and staple-crop farming, especially wheat and timber; few slaves --- Subsistence farming in western areas.

5. Like the planters of the Caribbean, ship captains and ship owners made their fortunes from the liquid sugar, or molasses, they carried from the West Indies to the mainland colonies, England, and Africa. The sugar planters lived in luxury in England while thousands of slaves labored in the cane fields to produce the profits these men enjoyed.
p. 81

6. New England Colonial Society
“Yankees” in New England commercially oriented
Replaced Puritan culture focused on piety with laws regulating prices and interest rates
Still emphasis on education

7. Yale College was founded in 1701, making it the third oldest college in the United States. Its benefactor, Elihu Yale, was born in Boston but spent most of his life in England. By 1749, when this illustration appeared, there were five colleges in the colonies: Harvard, Yale, King’s College (later Columbia), the College of New Jersey (later Princeton), and the College of William and Mary. Only the wealthiest young men were likely to attend these schools.
p. 83

8. Planter Society and Slavery Chesapeake & Lower South
Slave children born free until late 1600s
Fewer indentured servants  slavery
Until 1700, planters found slaves too costly because Dutch controlled trade
By Independence, slaves were 40% of Virginia’s population.

9. Advertisements like this one were common in the eighteenth century colonies, both north and south. Rewards were usually offered to encourage colonists to turn in the enslaved men and women seeking their freedom.
p. 85

10. Middle Colonies
Dynamic urban life in New York City and Philadelphia
Young white men apprentices
Black dock workers in New York City

11. In the eighteenth century, New York was a bustling seaport protected by the British fortifications at the tip of Manhattan Island. Although church spires can be seen in this illustration, the city probably boasted more taverns than houses of worship.
p. 86

12. By Independence,
2 million whites
½ million blacks
Only 5% of all blacks, both in North and South, were free

13. Few women worked in the skilled trades or crafts, although widows and daughters might manage a shop after a husband or father died. The mantua maker shown here was considered an artisan and could command a good price for her skills in making fancy gowns and other elaborately sewn clothing.
p. 87

14. Intellectual Currents
Enlightenment belief in reason & progress = science, not God, explains the functioning of the world
Copernicus & Isaac Newton: Science, not God, explained the world.

15. John Locke’s Social Contract
IN EXCHANGE FOR GOVERNMENT’S PROTECTION OF THEIR NATURAL RIGHTS TO LIFE, LIBERTY & PROPERTY,
PEOPLE MAKE A “SOCIAL CONTRACT” TO GIVE UP ABSOLUTE FREEDOM AND LIVE UNDER A RULE OF LAW.

16. Governments receive political power from the consent of citizens If a government fails to serve its citizens, THEY HAVE THE RIGHT & DUTY TO REBEL. BASIS OF INDEPENDENCE!

17. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE “…that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it…”

18. Enlightenment & Religion
Human nature was basically good & not flawed by original sin.
Elite colonists drawn to DEISM – Benjamin Franklin, George Washington & Thomas Jefferson

19. Universe operated according to natural laws, without God’s hand
God created the world and then let it go, like a watchmaker

20. Religion
No colonies allowed Catholics to vote, but colonists impressed by their religious diversity compared to Europe
religious toleration ≠ separation of church & state

21. Great Awakening or Revival
Reaction to Enlightenment philosophy
Wandering fiery preachers called “awakeners”
George Whitefield
Spurred growth of higher education

22. Long-term impact: - resistance to authority - activism to create new
institutions widespread participation
in debate a sense that protest &
resistance were
acceptable

23. Evangelist George Whitefield drew huge crowds each time he preached, and the men and women in his audiences often fainted or cried out in ecstasy. As the leading figure of the Great Awakening, Whitefield was loved by thousands but criticized by ministers who opposed the religious enthusiasm he represented.
p. 92

24. Government
British kings and proprietors - convenient to create local governments for day-to-day affairs, with authority to raise taxes.
Lax British enforcement of colonial regulations
General British indifference to colonial affairs.
Local Colonial Government
Conflicting Views of the Assemblies

25. British indifference to colonial affairs Salutary Neglect – Parliament policy that government OK with lax enforcement as long as colonies remained loyal in military and economic affairs and…

26. …specific colonial raw materials continued to flow to Britain and colonists continued to buy British manufactured goods. -Not free trade, but mercantilism.

27. European Struggle for Empire
1600s – Most violence in colonies arose from conflict with Indians over land or among colonists over power and use of resources.
Indian tribes later variously allied with British, French and Spanish in their wars.

28. Map 4.1: The European Empires in Eighteenth-Century America.
Three rival powers—Britain, France, and Spain—colonized the Americas. It is clear from the map why British colonists felt vulnerable to attack by England’s archenemies, France and Spain, until English victory in the Great War for Empire in 1763.
Map 4-1, p. 95

29. French and Indian War Britain against France and allied Indians
British settlements move westward – Colonial military Major George Washington led British expedition to warn French forts
War spread across Europe, India, Asia and Caribbean. First real global war.

30. Huge British military effort: -largest war expenditure in British history -25,000 British troops and 24,000 colonial troops -France’s Indian allies joined war more readily than Britain’s.

31. Map 4.2: The Indian Confederacies.
This map shows the three major Indian military and political coalitions—the Huron, Iroquois, and Creek Confederacies. Unlike the squabbling English mainland colonies, these Indian tribes understood the value both of military unity in the face of threats to their land and their safety and of diplomatic unity in negotiating with their European allies.
Map 4-2, p. 96

32. George Washington was a young man when the British General Edward Braddock was sent to the colonies to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley, as discussed on page 98. Washington volunteered to join this disastrous campaign. When Braddock’s troops were caught by surprise and routed by an Indian and French force near the Monongahela River, Washington was one of the officers who carried the mortally wounded Braddock off the field of battle. Washington escaped unharmed.
p. 97

33. For most Americans, the English victory in the Battle of Quebec was the most dramatic event of the Seven Years War. When Benjamin West painted “The Death of General Wolfe,” he acknowledged the role Indian allies had played on both sides of this imperial struggle by adding an Indian observer to the scene.
p. 98

34. map

36. Treaty of Paris France lost most possessions around world
England deeply in debt
Initially, colonists celebrated Britain’s victory.

37. Mutual suspicion soon split the colonists and the British: -- Perceived British arrogance toward colonial soldiers. -- Quartering of British troops at colonial expense. -- British resented some colonists profitable trade with enemy France.

38. Many colonists experienced tug of loyalties between local community and the larger British empire.