1. Route Optimization of Mobile IP over IPv4
Bavineni Pushpa Lekha ( )
Lokesh Dasari ( )
Bhushan Bamane ( )

2. Road Map INTRODUCTION MOBILE IP ROUTE OPTIMIZATION
UPDATING BINDING CACHES
FOREIGN AGENT SMOOTH HANDOFFS
BENEFITS OF NEMO ROUTE OPTIMIZATION
NON NESTED NEMO ROUTE OPTIMIZATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

3. Introduction What is mobile IP?
Supporting end system mobility while maintaining scalability, efficiency and compatibility in all respects with existing applications an internet protocols.. It requires transparency, compatibility, security, efficiency and scalability.

4. Terminology Mobile Node(MN) Home Agent(HA) Foreign Agent(FA)
Care Of Address(COA)
Correspondent Node(CN)

5. Mobile IP(Triangular Routing in MIP)

6. Route Optimization in Mobile IP
We will characterize expansions to the operation of the base Mobile IP convention to consider better routing, so that datagrams can be directed from a Correspondent node to a Mobile Node without setting off to the home agent first.

7. Route Optimization message formats
Binding Cache
Binding warning message
Binding Request message
Binding update message
Binding acknowledge message

8. Route Optimization (cont.)
The operations of route optimization can be divided into two main parts
Updating binding caches
Managing foreign agent smooth handoffs
If any destination Mobile node receiving IP datagrams from correspondent node has a binding cache then the COA can be directly sent to it instead of sending to HA and then tunneling it to MN.

9. Route Optimization (cont.)

10. Route Optimization (cont.)
Managing Foreign agent smooth hand offs
The destination of Mobile Node is changed from one location to another but the CN still is sending the packets to the old FA. This results in data loss until the HA sends the update message to the CN. In order to handle this, there must be communication between old FA and new FA. This is done by using another route optimization message called binding warning which initiates HA to send update message while warning about its new location to obtain new and correct COA from the CN.

11. Route Optimization (cont.)

12. Benefits of NEMO Route Optimization
Shorter delay
Reduced consumption of overall network resources
Reduced susceptibility to link failure
Greater data efficiency
Reduced processing delay
Avoiding a bottle neck in the home network
Avoid the security policy issue
Avoid the instability and stalemate

13. Non Nested NEMO Route Optimization
There are several Network Mobility (NEMO) route optimization mechanisms. Here we explain one of them Non Nested NEMO Route Optimization.
This sends the binding data from Mobile router to any corresponding entity. This corresponding entity can be a correspondent node or correspondent router. The below figure explains the Mobile router and correspondent router route optimization. It can traffic the data either from MNN to CN or CN to MNN.

14. Non Nested NEMO Route Optimization (cont.)

15. From MNN to CN
The Mobile Router locates the Correspondent Router, establishes a tunnel with that Correspondent Router and sets up a route to the Correspondent Node via the Correspondent Router over the tunnel. Traffic to the Correspondent Node would no longer flow through the Home Agent anymore.
From CN to MNN
The Correspondent Router is on the path of the traffic from the Correspondent Node to the Home Agent. In addition, it has an established tunnel with the current Care-of Address (CoA) of the Mobile Router and is aware of the Mobile Network Prefix(es) managed by the Mobile Router. The Correspondent Router can thus intercept packets going to the mobile network, and forward them to the Mobile Router over the established tunnel

16. NEMO
A straightforward approach to Route Optimization in NEMO is for the Mobile Router to attempt Route Optimization with a Correspondent Entity
Here we consider the case where the Correspondent Router is a Mobile Router. Thus, Route Optimization is initiated and performed between a Mobile Router and its peer Mobile Router
Such solutions are often posed with a requirement to leave the Mobile Network Nodes untouched, and therefore Mobile Routers handle the optimization management on behalf of the Mobile Network Nodes. Thus, providing Route Optimization fora Visiting Mobile Node is often out of scope for such a scenario because such interaction would require extensions to the Mobile IPv6 protocol

17. Non Nested NEMO Route Optimization (cont.)

18. o MNN1 to/from MNN2:
The Mobile Router locates the Correspondent Router, establishes a tunnel with that Correspondent Router, and sets up a route to the Mobile Network Node via the Correspondent Router over the tunnel. Traffic to the Mobile Networks Nodes would no longer flow through the Home Agents.

19. conclusion
This report discusses about Triangular routing and the way to reduce this problem through Route optimization. It also includes the various Route optimization mechanisms like using the binding cache and binding messages which is an extension to traditional Mobile IP and how successfully the datagram packets are delivered to the Mobile node explaining the scenario of non nested NEMO route optimization

20. References
Charles Perkins and David B. Johnson. Route Optimization in Mobile IP. Internet Draft, IETF, 6 September 2001.
IP Mobility Support for IPv4, C. Perkins, January 2002.
Route Optimization in Mobile IP over IPv4, Hao (Leo) Chen, December 2002