1. Figure 4.9a Muscle tissues.
Skeletal muscle
Description: Long, cylindrical,
multinucleate cells; obvious
striations.
Part of
muscle
fiber (cell)
Function: Voluntary movement;
locomotion; manipulation of the
environment; facial expression;
voluntary control.
Nuclei
Location: In skeletal muscles
attached to bones or occasionally
to skin.
Striations
Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle
(approx. 440x). Notice the obvious banding
pattern and the fact that these large cells are
multinucleate.
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2. Figure 4.9b Muscle tissues.
Cardiac muscle
Description: Branching, striated,
generally uninucleate cells that
interdigitate at specialized
junctions (intercalated discs).
Intercalated
discs
Function: As it contracts, it
propels blood into the circulation;
involuntary control.
Striations
Location: The walls of the heart.
Nucleus
Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (900x);
notice the striations, branching of cells, and
the intercalated discs.
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3. Figure 4.9c Muscle tissues.
Smooth muscle
Description: Spindle-shaped
cells with central nuclei; no
striations; cells arranged closely
to form sheets.
Function: Propels substances or
objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby)
along internal passageways;
involuntary control.
Nuclei
Location: Mostly in the walls of
hollow organs.
Smooth
muscle
cell
Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth
muscle (720x).
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4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Nervous tissue.
Nervous tissue
Description: Neurons are
branching cells; cell processes
that may be quite long extend from
the nucleus-containing cell body;
also contributing to nervous tissue
are nonexcitable supporting cells.
Nuclei of
supporting
cells
Neuron processes
Cell body
Axon Dendrites
Cell body
of a neuron
Function: Neurons transmit
electrical signals from sensory
receptors and to effectors (muscles
and glands) which control their
activity; supporting cells support
and protect neurons.
Neuron
processes
Location: Brain, spinal
cord, and nerves.
Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x).
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5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis.
Area of granulation tissue in growth
Blood clot in incised wound
Regenerating epithelium
Regenerated epithelium
Scab
Epidermis
Vein
Fibroblast
Macro-phage
Migrating
white
blood cell
Inflammatory
chemicals
Budding capillary
Fibrosed area
Artery 1
Inflammation sets the stage:
• Severed blood vessels bleed.
• Inflammatory chemicals are
released.
• Local blood vessels become
more permeable, allowing white
blood cells, fluid, clotting
proteins, and other plasma
proteins to seep into the injured
area.
• Clotting occurs; surface dries
and forms a scab. 2
Organization restores the blood supply:
• The clot is replaced by granulation
tissue, which restores the vascular
supply.
• Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers
that bridge the gap.
• Macrophages phagocytize dead and
dying cells and other debris.
• Surface epithelial cells multiply and
migrate over the granulation tissue. 3
Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair:
• The fibrosed area matures
and contracts; the epithelium
thickens.
• A fully regenerated epithelium
with an underlying area of
scar tissue results.
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6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (1 of 3)
Scab
Epidermis
Vein
Blood clot in
incised wound
Inflammatory
chemicals
Migrating white
blood cell
Artery 1
Inflammation sets the stage:
• Severed blood vessels bleed.
• Inflammatory chemicals are released.
• Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells,
fluid, clotting proteins, and other plasma proteins to seep into the injured area.
• Clotting occurs; surface dries and forms a scab.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (2 of 3)
Regenerating
epithelium
Area of
granulation
tissue
ingrowth
Fibroblast
Macrophage
Budding capillary 2
Organization restores the blood supply:
• The clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores the vascular
supply.
• Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that
bridge the gap.
• Macrophages phagocytize dead and dying cells and other debris.
• Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Tissue repair of a nonextensive skin wound: regeneration and fibrosis. (3 of 3)
Regenerated
epithelium
Fibrosed area 3
Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair:
• The fibrosed area matures and
contracts; the epithelium thickens.
• A fully regenerated epithelium with
an underlying area of scar tissue results.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Embryonic germ layers and the primary tissue types they produce.
16-day-old embryo
(dorsal surface view)
Muscle and connec-
tive tissue (mostly
from mesoderm)
Epithelium
(from all three
germ layers)
Ectoderm
Nervous tissue
(from ectoderm)
Mesoderm
Inner lining of
digestive system
(from endoderm)
Endoderm
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10. Figure 4.11 Classes of membranes.
Cutaneous membrane
Serous membranes
The cutaneous membrane
(the skin) covers the body surface.
Serous membranes line body
cavities that are closed to the
exterior.
Cutaneous
membrane (skin)
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
pleura
Mucous membranes
Parietal
pericardium
Visceral
pericardium
Mucous membranes line body
cavities that are open to the
exterior.
Mucosa of
nasal cavity
Mucosa of
mouth
Esophagus
lining
Parietal
peritoneum
Mucosa of
lung bronchi
Visceral
peritoneum
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11. Figure 4.11a Classes of membranes.
Cutaneous membrane
The cutaneous membrane
(the skin) covers the body surface.
Cutaneous
membrane (skin)
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12. Figure 4.11b Classes of membranes.
Mucous membranes
Mucous membranes line body
cavities that are open to the
exterior.
Mucosa of
nasal cavity
Mucosa of
mouth
Esophagus
lining
Mucosa of
lung bronchi
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13. Figure 4.11c Classes of membranes.
Serous membranes
Serous membranes line body cavities that are closed to the exterior.
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
pleura
Parietal
peritoneum
Parietal
pericardium
Visceral
pericardium
Visceral
peritoneum
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.