1. Nation Building and Nationalism9
Nation Building and Nationalism

2. James Monroe – Era of Good Feelings
Election of 1816 – beat Rufus King
Election of 1820 – all Federalists die out – wins by all but one vote
Growth of Nationalism – younger generation of voters – different from founding fathers.

3. Expansion and Migration
American perspective shifted from Europe to West after 1815
Rush-Bagot Agreement, 1817
U.S. recognized Canada as British; British agreed not to invade U.S.

4. Expansion and Migration
Anglo-American Convention of 1818
49th parallel boundary between U.S. and Canada
Joint occupation of Oregon
Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians

5. Extending the Boundaries: Taking Spanish Lands
West Florida annexed, 1810–1812 – US claimed it was part of the Louisiana Purchase
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams’ goal was reduction of Spanish holdings
First Seminole War, 1818
Andrew Jackson occupied east Florida in pursuit of hostile Seminole Indians who were raiding American land
Went beyond his orders
and took control of Pensacola

6. Extending the Boundaries: Taking Spanish Lands
Weakened Spain accepted Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty)
U.S. got all Florida
U.S gained the Spanish claims of Oregon
U.S. paid $5 million in Spanish debts to Americans

7. North America, 1819

8. Extending the Boundaries: The Oregon Country
John Jacob Astor and the American Fur Company in Oregon and St. Louis
“Mountain men” like Kit Carson and Jim Beckwourth roamed through Plains and Rockies, marrying Indian women and assimiliating
Military expeditions created impression that Plains were “great American desert” unfit for settlement

9. Native American Societies Under Pressure
“Five Civilized Tribes” (60,000 strong) controlled much of South
Cherokee (largest), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole
Adopted many ways of American population
Despite adapting, Native Americans seen as obstacles to settlement – slavery, republican ideals, agricultural environment
Different Native American groups reacted differently to white encroachment

10. Native American Societies Under Pressure: The Cherokee
John Ross led move to accommodate Americans
Cherokee became market economy farmers and plantation owners
Slavery and
discrimination against
African Americans
resulted from this

11. Native American Societies Under Pressure: The Cherokee
Adopted Constitution of Republican government in 1827
Sequoyah created alphabet for Cherokee language, 1821–1822

12. Native American Societies Under Pressure: Indian Removal
Federal government used deception, threats, and bribery to get Native Americans to cede land
State governments claimed jurisdiction over lands given to Native Americans by treaty

13. Native American Societies Under Pressure: Indian Removal
Black Hawk’s War (1831–1832) was last stand of Native Americans north of Ohio River and east of Mississippi River
By 1830s, idea that Native Americans should be moved West even if they assimilated was dominant view

14. Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In
By 1840, over one-third of the U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians
Speculators sold land parcels to settlers on credit
Squatters and Preemption
1841—Congress approved permanent right of preemption – offering land to some before the rest of the country given access

15. Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In
New settlers engaged in commercial farming settling on the rivers – less subsistence farming
Government made large amounts of land available for cheap
State banks loaned $ at low interest rates
Allowed them to buy consumer goods they did not produce (soap, candles, clothing) by utilizing the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to southern markets

16. The People and Culture of the Frontier
West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil
Settlers brought existing culture with them
Myth: self-reliant family farms
Reality: cooperation and community efforts

17. The People and Culture of the Frontier
Many families moved frequently in West
Abraham Lincoln’s family moved three times between 1816–1830 (KY, IN, IL)
Result was less attachment to land than other rural populations
Easterners saw West as untamed
Life was similar to that of early colonies
Work from sunrise to set; log cabins, sod huts
Disease, malnutrition, native encounters

18. A Revolution in Transportation
Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal waterways
After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need to improve the country’s transportation network

19. A Revolution in Transportation
National leaders like Madison and Calhoun called for “internal improvements”
Actual federal role less than anticipated in those calls for internal improvements

20. Roads and Steamboats
Turnpikes—privately-owned toll roads chartered by states
Pennsylvania’s Lancaster Turnpike – connected Philadelphia with farms around Lancaster
Federal spending on roads was blocked by those that believed in states rights
One exception: National Road from Cumberland, Maryland, eventually to Vandalia, Illinois (first road to the west
Federal money and state money used – segments of the highway owned by different states
Roads useful for travelers, but too expensive for transportation of bulk goods
Water most efficient for bulk cargo transportation

21. Roads and Steamboats Network of rivers encouraged economic development
Flatboats transported downriver in early times
Steam powered travel – 1807 – Hudson River Clermont
Invented by Robert Fulton
Steamboats transported upriver after 1811
Upriver capabilities reduced costs and allowed for economic development of the west as they began to make round trip shipping voyages on the rivers
Faster and cheaper

22. Roads and Steamboats
Steamboats catered to passengers with luxury hotel atmosphere
Steamboat accidents stimulated Ante-Bellum Congressional effort to establish safety regulations

23. The Canal Boom Canals needed to link West with coast Erie Canal, 1825
New York Governor Dewitt Clinton got state funding
Canal linked New York City to Great Lakes at Buffalo, through Albany
Canal cut east-west transportation costs dramatically
Canal stimulated commercial growth of New York City
Lower food prices in the east, more immigrants in the west, stronger economic ties between the East and the West

24. The Erie Canal

25. The Canal Boom
Other states followed until 1840s, when canal deemed unprofitable, but useful

26. Emergence of a Market Economy
Specialization on the farm, growth of cities, industrialization, and development of capitalism is going to lead to self-sufficient households and growing interdependence.
Brings about revolution within the marketplace

27. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture
Between 1800 and 1840 agricultural output increased yearly at a 3% rate
Rise in productivity due to technological advances like iron and steel plows (John Deere), mechanical reaper (Cyrus McCormick)
Cheap, widely-available land and marketing revolution spurred profitable commercial farming
Lower transportation costs meant greater income for the farmer

28. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture
Sales to distant markets involved farmers in a system of credit so they could sell at leisure instead of for need
Market stimulated specialization
North produced wheat
Lower South produced cotton
Upper South produced tobacco
Coastal south Carolina - rice

29. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture: Rise of King Cotton
Increased cotton demand from New England textile factories
Eli Whitney and the cotton gin – made cotton cloth affordable in Europe and the United States and the rest of the world. No longer need to rely on British for cotton supply
Slavery permitted large-scale operation

30. Commerce and Banking Old style farmer sold crop directly
New style farmer sold to local merchant; local merchant sold to final market
System required farmers and local merchants to have credit
Use of credit stimulated banking
Federal government issued too little money – no paper money ; gold and silver produced in small quantities – failed to meet the demands of expanding economy’s needs for monetary circulation
private banks issued bank notes

31. Commerce and Banking
National Bank charter not renewed in 1811 so state banks increased after 1812 (88 to 208)
1816—Second Bank of the United States created to check state banks
Bank’s easy credit sparked Panic of 1819 – fracturing the Era of Good Feelings
2nd bank tightened control over credit to control inflation
State banks closed – unemployment, bankruptcies, imprisonment for debt all were on the rise
1819 – much land in the western farmlands were foreclosed on
Westerners began to call for land reform and strong opposition to national bank and debtor’s prison

32. Early Industrialism
Traditional methods but innovative financing through “putting-out” system
“Putting-out”—merchants delivered raw materials for farm families; artisans processed these materials
Did not disrupt agricultural life patterns
After 1815, increased demand stimulated mass production

33. Early Industrialism
Textile industry in New England led development of factory system
Before rise of textile factories, New England urban economy rested on overseas trade
New England politicians made a shift from supporting export-favorable low tariffs to high protective tariffs
Tariff of 1816 – before the war was low tariffs as a method to raise government funds
During the war factories were built to supply goods that were previously imported from Britain
Peacetime – worry of dumping from Britain and take away American business
Congres raised tariffs for the express purpose of protecting US manufacturers from competition
First protective tariff of many to come

34. Early Industrialism
Sam Slater – cotton spinning machines; first American factory 1791
War of 1812, embargo, protective tariffs help factories prosper
1820s – NE area leading manufacturing center in the US
Other industries adopted factory model by 1840s and 1850s
U.S. not yet an industrial country, but was evolving national market economy

35. Labor
Factory owners – difficult to find workers due to being in rural areas until invention of steam powered mills to be moved to urban areas – labor easier to find; more reliability of mills
Lowell Mills – recruited women to live in dorms
Extensive use of child labor – as young as 7

36. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812
“Era of Good Feelings,” 1816–1824
Politics a one-party system
Interest groups no longer took differences into the political arena; public interest in politics declined
Common theme of public policy in this period: “awakening nationalism”

37. The Republicans in Power
Federalists died as national party after 1812, but Republicans adopted some of their ideas
Henry Clay’s American System, 1816
High tariffs to protect industries that sprang up in embargo and war
Second Bank of the U.S.
Federal aid for internal improvements

38. The Republicans in Power
Aid for internal improvements controversial
Sectional conflict over who benefited
Madison, Monroe saw constitutional conflicts both believed amendment needed to occur before federal money could be used to build roads and canals within individual states
Public aid came from state and local governments

39. The Election of 1816

40. Monroe as President
Madison picked fellow Virginian James Monroe as his successor in 1816
Monroe sought national harmony, an “era of good feelings”
Took no action in Panic of 1819, believed president above such matters

41. Monroe as President
Provided no leadership controversy over Missouri and whether it should be admitted as a slave state or a free state
Voters accepted Monroe’s view of leadership, he is re-elected in 1820

42. The Election of 1820

43. The Missouri Compromise: The Issues
1817—Missouri applied for statehood as slave state (would be 1st state to be slave state under the Louisiana Purchase)
Northerners believed South was over-represented in House of Representatives, despite their own decisive majority

44. The Missouri Compromise: The Issues
Tallmadge Amendment called for gradual elimination of slavery if Missouri admitted, passes House
No more slaves into Missouri other than the ones already there
Children of slaves to be emancipated at age 25
If adopted, would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri.
South wished to preserve balance of power between slave states and free states

45. The Missouri Compromise: The Solution by Henry Clay
Missouri admitted as slave state
Maine separated from Massachusetts, admitted as free state
Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36o30'
Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North and South
Jefferson called it “a fire bell in the night”

46. The Missouri Compromise, 1820–1821

47. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
John Marshall, Chief Justice, 1801–1835
Most dominant chief justice ever
Support central government
Supported rights of property against states rights
Constitution – strong and flexible powers
His rulings defined the relationship between central government and states

48. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
Role of court to enable economic growth by protecting individuals and businesses from interference by state legislatures
Court should also provide federal government more power to encourage economic growth

49. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court: The Key Cases
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819
Involved law of New Hampshire to change Dartmouth from a privately chartered college into a public institution
Struck down the state law as unconstitutional arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state.

50. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court: The Key Cases
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
Maryland attempted to tax the 2nd National Bank
Implied powers doctrine
States cannot tax or regulate federal agencies
Power to tax is power to destroy
Federal law supersedes state lawj
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
Could New York grant a monopoly to a steamboat company if it conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress?
Federal regulation of interstate commerce trumps state regulation

51. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court: Summation
Summary of Marshall’s Court actions
Broadened powers of federal government at the expense of states
Encouraged growth of a national economy
Exemplified main nationalist trend of the period: federal government should promote growth of prosperous, nationwide capitalist economy

52. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine
U.S. sympathized with Latin American revolts against Spain
U.S. recognized independence of Latin American countries after Adams-Onis Treaty approved;
“Grand Alliance” of Europe saw Latin American revolts as democratic challenges to authoritarianism

53. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine
Grand Alliance pushed Spain to re-claim colonies
Great Britain wanted independent Latin American countries with open markets

54. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine
Britain asked U.S. to cooperate to oppose Grand Alliance schemes for Latin America
Monroe persuaded by John Quincy Adams that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence

55. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine
U.S. opposed European expansion to the Western Hemisphere
U.S. would not interfere in European affairs
Largely dismissed by Europeans
Signified America’s new sense of independence and self-confidence