1. AIRCRAFT MASS (WEIGHT) & PERFORMANCE
Lecture 1: INTRODUCTION
AIRCRAFT MASS (WEIGHT) & PERFORMANCE
By: Zuliana Ismail, 2010

2. Introduction
Even though the airlines are in business to transport people from one place to another, they could not function without the help of many people on the air or on the ground, including those who take reservations and sell tickets, as well as those who help keep the airplanes operating on schedule and ensure the safety of flight.
Those who are involved in the operations of flight known as AIRCREW.
A flight dispatcher is a person responsible for planning and monitoring the progress of an aircraft journey. In airline operations, depending on the type of certification the airline has, and depending on where the airline is based, both the pilot in command and the dispatcher are legally responsible for the safety of a flight. A dispatcher may have the authority to delay, divert or cancel a flight at any time, and a flight might not be able to be released without the signature of both the pilot in command and the dispatcher, again depending on the jurisdiction.
A dispatcher typically must be licensed by the aviation authority of a country. In order to obtain the licence, the candidate must demonstrate extensive knowledge of meteorology and aviation, to a level comparable to the holder of an airline transport pilot license.
The dispatcher uses sophisticated software tools to monitor the flight's progress and advises the flight crew of any circumstances that might affect flight safety. Shared responsibility adds a layer of checks and balances to aircraft operation and greatly improves safety.[2]
In the US, licensed flight dispatchers have to demonstrate extensive aviation knowledge equal to that of Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL) holders (the FAA ATPL written exam and the FAA Dispatcher written exam are identical).
In some jurisdictions of the US, the dispatching duties and responsibilities are designated to flight followers. The main difference between a flight dispatcher and a flight follower is that the latter does not share legal responsibility for the operation of a flight. Also, followers are not required to attain a flight dispatcher's license, although they are usually encouraged to do so.[3]

3. Who Is Aircrew? FLIGHT OPERATORS/DISPATCHER COCKPIT CREWS:
PILOT/CAPTAIN
CO-PILOT/FLIGHT OFFICERS
FLIGHT ENGINEERS
CABIN CREWS/ FLIGHT ATTENDANTS
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS
GROUND CREW:
FLIGHT OPERATORS/DISPATCHER
MAINTENANCE CREWS

4. Flight Dispatcher
A flight dispatcher is a person responsible for planning and monitoring the progress of an aircraft journey.
Just like a pilot, a flight dispatcher are responsible for the safety of a flight.
A dispatcher have the authority to delay, or cancel a flight at any time, and a flight can’t be released without the signature of both the pilot in command and the dispatcher

5. aircraft journey or Phases of Flight
Preflight & Take-off
Climb
Cruise / En-route
Descend
Approach And Landing

7. Responsible of Aircraft Flight Dispatcher
Besides contribute to the safety of flight operations, Flight Dispatcher also contribute to the economy and efficiency of aircraft operation by improving the payload & reducing excessive fuel reserve.
Flight dispatchers have to demonstrate extensive aviation knowledge equal to that of airline transport pilot license (ATPL) holders.

8. Knowledge of Flight Dispatcher
Aviation Law
Aviation Introduction/History
AIRCRAFT MASS (WEIGHT) AND PERFORMANCE
Navigation
Air Traffic Management
Meteorology
Mass and Balance
Flight Planning & Monitoring
Communications (Radio)
Aviation Human Factors

9. Responsible of Aircraft Flight Dispatcher
Flight Dispatcher responsible for the safe loading of airplane and must ensure that it is not overloaded.
The performance of an airplane is influenced by its weight and overloading it will cause serious problems.
Weather
At the departure airport
Along the route of flight
At the destination airport
At an alternate airport
Fuel
Total fuel consumed during the flight
Additional fuel for weather avoidance
Required fuel for holding
Fuel to an alternate airport
Aircraft
Mechanically suited for the flight
Navigation limitations
Maximum weight & balance limitations
Maximum allowable takeoff and landing weights
Performance
Aircrew
Meet required qualifications for the flight
Meet required currency standards
Have adequate rest

10. Weight & Performance & Balance
Too much weight in the front of the airplane will cause it to pitch downward
Too much weight in rear of aircraft will cause aircraft to pitch upward

11. AIRCRAFT MASS & PERFORMANCE

12. What is AIRCRAFT

13. IANS / ATC Training / Courses / Basic / ACFT
What is WEIGHT???
ACFT 6
Factors TAKE OFF
An aircraft, like all bodies, has mass.
When the aircraft is at rest on the ground there is only one force acting on it, which is called WEIGHT, and it always acts in a vertical direction towards the centre of the Earth.
Before an aircraft can leave the ground and fly the weight force must be balanced by a force which acts upwards.
This force is called LIFT and it is generated aerodynamically by the flow of air over the wings.
The take off part of a flight is the distance from the brake release point to the point at which the aircraft reaches a defined height over the surface (35ft).
During the take off roll, lift is created on the wings to overcome the aircraft weight. This is done by forward acceleration of the aircraft produced by greater thrust force then drag.
The take off distance required depends on the interaction of forces:
The thrust varies during take off, in general it decreases as aircraft speeds up;
The total drag of the aircraft during take off results from aerodynamic drag and wheel drag. As the aircraft speeds up the aerodynamic drag will increase. The wheel drag depends on the load and the runway surface resistance. But as the aircraft speeds up the lift force increases, which reduces the load on the wheels and therefore reduces the wheel drag (eventually to zero);
The lift force increases, as aircraft speeds up;
The aircraft weight remains constant;
The factors that affect these forces and their interaction are the factors that affect aircraft performance during take off.
In order to generate the lift force the aircraft must move forward through the air. This is provided by the engine(s) that create a force called THRUST.
From the very moment the aircraft begins to move, air resists its forward motion with a force called DRAG.
Edition 1.1

15. What is Performance?
Aircraft performance is the capability of aircraft at various phases of flight.
Some of the factors which represent good performance are short takeoff and landing distance, increased climb capability, and greater speeds using less fuel.
Aircraft’s weight can give a significant effect on aircraft performance.

16. Aircraft Performance Data for A320
Cruise Speed (knots): 454
Range in Nautical Miles: 2640
Service Ceiling (feet): 31000
Fuel Max (Gallons): 3380
Rate of Climb (feet per minute): Not Available
Take over 50 foot obstacle (feet): Not Available
Landing over 50 foot obstacle (feet): Not Available
Take Off Normal (feet): 5630
Landing Normal (feet): 4750

17. Course Outlines

18. Course Outlines INTRODUCTION Weight Definition Performance definition
RELATED ASPECTS WITH AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
Basic Principles for Flight Safety
Effect of excessive weight to aircraft safety
Density Altitude
BASIC MASS (WEIGHT) AND SPEED LIMITATIONS
Composition of aircraft weight
Performance Speeds

19. Course Outlines 4. TAKE-OFF RUNWAY REQUIREMENTS
Factors affecting take-off performance
Max. Take-off Weight (MTOW)
Take-off Distance
5. CLIMB & CRUISE PERFORMANCE
Factors affecting climb and cruise performance
Climb Gradient
Range & Endurance

20. Course Outlines
6. FACTORS AFFECTING DESCEND, APPROACH & LANDING PERFORMANCE
Max. Landing Weight (MLW) Calculations
Landing Distance
7. BOUNDARY SPEED LIMITATIONS(BUFFET)

22. Performance Charts Pressure Altitude Chart Density Altitude Chart
Take-Off Distance Chart
Fuel Time Distance Climb Chart
Cruise Performance Graph
Crosswind and Headwind Component Chart
Landing Distance Table
Normal Take-Off Runway Required Table