1. Clocks, I/O devices, Thin Clients, and Power Management
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2. I/O Devices - Keyboard
The number in the I/O register is the key number, called the scan code (not the ASCII code).
Keyboards have fewer than 128 key and only 7 bits are need to represent the key number
Keyboard interrupts occur when a key is pressed and again when the key is released
Echoing is the writing to the screen while the user is typing
Tab Handling is how the driver keeps track of the cursor and all the space to be echoed
Canonical or cooked mode is used to describe line-oriented mode
Noncanonical or raw mode is used to describe character-oriented mode
While operating in canonical mode some input characters have special meanings
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3. I/O Devices - Mouse There are two types Trackball Mouse
uses rubber rollers that rotate
Optical Mouse
takes low-res photos to detect movement
The minimum distance for movement is .1mm also called a mickey
Return message contains delta X, delta Y, and buttons
Change in position not absolute position
Double clicks
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4. I/O Devices - Monitor Text Windows Escape Sequences Xlib
Program sends characters to the current window and they are displays there
Escape Sequences
A series of commands that update the screen
Xlib
A set of library procedures for accessing the X functionality
X windows management
TCP/IP Connection in X

5. UI and Thin Clients Centralized computing systems
X terminals / Thin Clients
Chromebook
ChromeOS
Web Apps
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6. Power management (overview)
Two general approaches to reducing energy consumption
turn off parts of the computer not in use
application program to use less energy
Most venders conserve battery by designing the CPU, memory, and IO devices to have multiple states on
sleeping
hibernating
off
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7. Power Management operating system issues the display the hard disk
the CPU
the memory
wireless communication
thermal management
battery management
driver interface
ACPI

8. Clocks (Hardware) Three components: crystal oscillator counter
holding register
Programmable clock modes:
one-shot mode
square-wave mode
Backup clock / battery clock
Origin of time benchmarks:
Jan. 1, 1970 for UNIX
Jan. 1, 1980 for Windows
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9. Clocks (Software) Clock driver Soft timers Time of day
Process run time
CPU usage
alarm system call
watchdog timers
profiling, monitoring, and statistics gathering
Soft timers
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10. Links and Video
Origin of time counter:
Video: