1. Living Things and Classification Six Kingdoms

2. that carries out all 6 characteristics of living things.
What is an organism?
An organism is a
living thing
that carries out all 6 characteristics of living things.

3. What is Life? There are SIX Characteristics of Living Things-
1. Cellular Organization-
Cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms.
ALL living things are made up of cells
Unicellular –one cell
Multicellular – many celled
2. Contain Similar Chemicals
Water (approximately 70% of the cell)
Carbohydrates- energy source
Proteins- for growth and repair
Lipids- are fats
Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA
Lipids and Proteins are the building blocks of cells

4. Characteristics of Life (Continued)
3. Use Energy-
For growth and repair
For cellular processes (respiration, photosynthesis, reproduction)
For digestion
4. Growth and Development-
Growth- becoming larger
Development- becoming more complex over an organisms life span

5. Characteristics of Life (Continued)
5. Response to Surroundings
Plants grow (bend) toward the light
Amoeba will move away from light and toward food
Stimulus – something that causes a change in an organism’s environment
Response- reaction or change in behavior by the organism

6. Characteristics of Life (Continued)
6. Reproduction
An organism makes more of itself
Asexual- 1 parent, offspring is identical to the parent (bacteria, skin cells)
Sexual- 2 parents, offspring not identical to either parent (humans, dogs, plants)

7. Classification of Living Things (25 min)

8. Life Comes From Life
A long time ago, people believed that living things could suddenly appear from non-living material
Maggots on rotting meat
Creature from the swamp
This is the theory of Spontaneous Generation

9. Controlled Experiments- proved that Spontaneous Generation could not occur
Francesco Redi- (mid-1600’s)
Rotting meat in jars
Disproved spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur- (mid- 1800’s)
Broth in flasks
Finally convinced people that spontaneous generation was wrong

10. Both Redi and Pasteur: Used a Controlled Experiment cloth
An controlled experiment is when only one variable is changed.
In Redi’s experiment the manipulated variable is the
cloth
In Pasteurs experiment the manipulated variable is
With or without a neck on the flask

11. The Needs of Living Things
Homeostasis
Autotrophs-
Energy
maintain stable internal conditions
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs- make their own food (plants)
Heterotrophs- can not make their own food (animals)
Water
Living Space
is necessary for all cellular processes (digestion, reproduction, circulation)
food, water, shelter

12. Unhealthy Environmental Factors
Living organisms must be able to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis to make sure it can carry out all cellular processes.
Healthy Diet
Poor Diet
Unhealthy Environmental Factors
Stress
Healthy Lifestyle
Proper Rest

13. The Earth 3.6 Billion Years Ago
Landscape was rugged with jagged, bare rocks….little soil
Atmosphere consisted of nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia and methane. NO FREE OXYGEN
Oceans were shallow and warm

14. Major Gases in Early and Today’s Atmosphere
Water Vapor
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Hydrogen
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Oxygen

15. Origin of Life
Scientists tell us that the first life forms appeared on Earth 3.6 billion years ago.
Facts we know about Early life forms 1.unicellular
2.lived in the oceans
3.did not need oxygen to live
4. they were heterotrophs that used chemicals for their energy source
They resembled the Archaebacteria of today

16. How did these early life forms originate?
Although Redi and Pasteur proved life could can not spontaneously arise on Today’s Earth, Two American scientists, Harold Urey and Stanly Miller hypothesized on the Ancient Earth the first cells probably did arise from non living materials.

17. Urey and Miller’s Experiment
lightning

18. Urey and Miller (4 min)

19. The first cells were bacteria
The first cells were bacteria. These pictures are of fossilized bacteria dated to be billion years old
These first cells were heterotrophs. Over time, these cells developed the ability to make their own food and began to excrete oxygen. This was the beginning of our atmosphere of today.

20. Hydrothermal Vents (6 min)

21. Classification * Grouping things based on their similarities
Taxonomy- is the science of classification
Aristotle was the first scientist to record a classification system for animals.
It was based on whether animals could fly- swim- walk, crawl, or run

22. Carolus Linnaeus
In the 1750’s, Linnaeus expanded the classification system
He devised a two word naming system- Binomial Nomenclature
Genus- first word
Species- both words (second word gives a more specific characteristic)

23. Some Examples Felis concolor Felis pardalis Felis domesticus
Felis- genus with sharp, retractable claws that hunt other animals
concolor- means same color (puma)
pardalis- means spotted like a panther (ocelot)
domesticus- of the house (house cat)

24. Levels of Classification
There are SEVEN levels of classification
Kingdom (most broad)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most specific)

28. Six Kingdoms
Linnaeus proposed the first kingdom structure (2 kingdoms- plants and animals)
Today organisms are classified into SIX Kingdoms
Archaebacteria Fungi
Eubacteria Plants
Protists Animals

29. How Do We Place Organisms Into Kingdoms?
Type of cells-
- Prokaryote- no nucleus
Pro – no – nucleus
- Eukaryote- has a nucleus
U – have – nucleus

30. Ability to make food Autotroph-make their own food
Heterotroph-can not make own food

31. Number of cells Unicellular- Multicellular- More than one cell
Single-celled
Multicellular-
More than one cell

32. Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria
Similarities
Both are unicellular
Both are prokaryotes
Both can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
Differences
Archaebacteria are found in extreme, harsh environments
Their chemical makeup is different from each other

33. Eubacteria can be helpful by:
Making vitamins in our bodies
Producing foods like sour dough bread, yogurt and sauerkraut
Recycle chemicals such as nitrogen to the soil as a decomposer

34. Autotroph and Heterotroph

35. Charles Darwin Evolution and Classification
In 1859 Darwin published a theory about how species can change over time
Darwin collected much of his data in the Galapagos Islands aboard the
HMS Beagle

37. Darwin’s Finches Warbler Finch Cactus Finch Insect eater Nectar eater
Ground Finch
Seed eater

38. Darwin’s Galapagos Islands (10 min)

39. Natural Selection
Darwin explained his Theory of Evolution by using the idea of what he called Natural Selection – as an organism changes over time, if the changes help them to survive the changes will be passed on to their offspring

40. Darwin and Natural Selection (4min)

41. Classification Today
In addition to the work of Darwin and others, today we also study fossils of organisms and we compare the early development of organisms to obtain information on similar evolutionary history.

42. Most Advanced Classification Method
With the advancement of DNA research, taxonomists today primarily use chemical analysis of the cell to classify organisms.
Family: Mustelidae
New Family: Mephitidae
“noxious gas”

43. Chemical Classification (4 min)

44. Autotroph and Heterotroph