1. Judaism Over the Centuries
Chapter 7, Section 3

2. Revolt, Defeat, and Migration
By the first century AD, Jews in Jerusalem were tired of foreign rule.
The most rebellious group were the Zealots, who didn’t believe Jews should answer to anyone but God.
The Jews revolted against Roman rule in AD 66 and again in the 130s, but were defeated both times.
As a result of these rebellions, many Jews were killed and finally, banished from Jerusalem under threat of death.

3. Two Cultural Traditions
Due to discrimination and forced migration, the Jewish communities in different parts of the world developed into two main cultural traditions:
Jews in Eastern Europe
Jews in Spain and Portugal
Known as the Ashkenazim (ahsh-kuh-NAH-shum)
Descendants of Jews who moved to France, Germany and eastern Europe
Communities separate from non-Jewish neighbors
Developed own language called Yiddish
Known as the Sephardim (suh-FAHR-duhm)
Descendants of Jews who moved to Spain and Portugal and western Europe
Communities mixed with the region’s non-Jewish residents
Developed own language called Ladino

4. Traditions and Holy Days
Hanukkah
This holiday honors the cleansing of the Second Temple.
It is celebrated in December by lighting candles in a menorah.
The eight days represent the eight days the one day supply of oil.
Passover
This is a time for Jews to remember the Exodus.
They eat only flat bread called matzo and have a ritual meal called the seder.
Celebrated in March or April.
High Holy Days
Two of the most sacred of all Jewish holy days and take place in September and October.
Rosh Hashanah celebrates the beginning of the Jewish new year.
Yom Kippur is the holiest day of the year. They fast all day and ask God for forgiveness of their sins.