1. Section 4: Chordate Evolution

2. Key Ideas What are the key characteristics of chordates?
What were the key evolutionary innovations in fish?
What characteristics helped amphibians adapt to land?
What major evolutionary innovations first appeared in reptiles?

3. Key Ideas, continued
When did birds evolve, and what were the first birds like?
When and from what group did mammals evolve?

4. Characteristics of Chordates
A dorsal nerve cord
single, hollow cord with nerves attached to it
In vertebrates it develops into the spinal cord
notochord
is a rod-shaped supporting axis that develops along the back of the embryo
In most vertebrates, it is present only in the embryo

5. Characteristics of Chordates, continued
pharyngeal pouches
develop into gill slits in aquatic chordate embryos
In land vertebrates, they develop into different structures in the head and neck
parathyroid gland and the inner ear
postanal tail
tail that extends beyond the anus
In some chordates the tail is present only in the embryos

6. Visual Concept: Parts of a Chordate

7. Characteristics of Chordates, continued
Invertebrate Chordates
tunicates
filter feeders
live in the ocean
do not have a nerve cord, notochord, or postanal tail
Lancelets
fossils have been found in rocks more than 530 million years old
Older than any fish species
Lancelets are also filter feeders

8. Visual Concept: Characteristics of Invertebrate Chordates

9. Characteristics of Chordates, continued
The First Vertebrates
The first vertebrates appeared about 500 million years ago and were fish that had neither jaws nor paired fins.
The earliest fishes, called agnathans, did not have a backbone.
The notochord allowed agnathans to swim, which provided a major advantage over other animals.

10. Evolution of Fishes
Jaws and paired fins allowed fish to pursue and grasp prey.
Spiny fishes, or acanthodians
first appeared about 430 million years ago
Spiny fishes had strong jaws with jagged, bony edges that served as teeth
Jaws probably evolved from gill arches made of cartilage. Jawed fishes were better able to compete for food than jawless fishes were.

11. Visual Concept: Origin of Jaws

12. Evolution of Fishes, continued
Spiny fishes
internal skeleton composed mainly of cartilage with some bone
scales contained small plates of bone
placoderms
evolved about 410 million years ago
jawed fishes that had large heads covered with bony plates
Pg 640
Sharks and bony fishes replaced almost all of these early fishes by 350 million years ago.

13. Visual Concept: Advantage of Paired Fins

14. Evolution of Fishes, continued
first land vertebrates
bony fins that functioned like primitive limbs
allowed these fishes to move in shallow water.
spent little time out of the water
transition between fishes and amphibians.

15. Evolution of Amphibians
The first amphibians appeared about 370 million years ago.
Three major characteristics
Lungs
a more-efficient heart
strong limbs
had to stay close to water in order to keep their skin and eggs moist.

16. Evolution of Reptiles
The first reptiles appeared about 320 million years ago, during a long, dry period in Earth's history.
amniotic egg
watertight egg that contains a large amount of yolk
allowed reptiles to take over land
could reproduce away from water.
Because reptiles were better suited to dry conditions than amphibians were, reptiles replaced amphibians as the dominant land vertebrate within 50 million years.

17. Evolution of Reptiles, continued
The first dinosaurs appeared about 235 million years ago. Dinosaurs lived through the Triassic Period, the Jurassic Period, and the Cretaceous Period.
Dinosaurs became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period.
Huge asteroid
Volcanic eruptions

18. Evolution of Reptiles, continued
Endothermic birds and mammals as well as smaller coldblooded reptiles and amphibians survived. Few large species survived.

19. Visual Concept: Comparing Endotherms and Ectotherms

20. Evolution of Birds
The first birds appeared about 150 million years ago.
The first birds evolved from small, meat-eating dinosaurs and had a skeleton that looked almost exactly like that of a dinosaur.
The first fossil found to show the link between dinosaurs and birds was that of Archaeopteryx.

21. Evolution of Birds, continued
Archaeopteryx
long reptilian tail, teeth, and arms with fingers and claws
solid bones not hollow bones of modern birds
feathers on its wings and tail
fused collarbone
Birds survived and quickly diversified at the end of the Cretaceous Period. On some continents, a brief Age of Birds arose before mammals took over the land.

22. Evolution of Birds, continued
Several features that evolved in birds helped birds fly.
Light, hollow bones have reduced birds' weight.
Birds have also gained huge flight muscles and a breastbone for the attachment of these muscles.

23. Evolution of Mammals
The first mammals appeared about 220 million years ago.
Therapsids
extinct mammal-like reptiles
brief period of dominance before the dinosaurs
Early mammals were tiny and were probably insect-eating tree dwellers that were active at night.

24. Visual Concept: Therapsids

25. Evolution of Mammals, continued
During the dinosaurs' dominance, mammals were a minor group that changed very little.
In the Tertiary Period, many new groups of mammals appeared and many species grew to large sizes and took over the ecological roles once filled by dinosaurs.

26. Evolution of Mammals, continued
Many large mammals, such as giant ground sloths and saber-toothed cats, became extinct during the last ice age (about 2 million to 10,000 years ago).
Many of these large mammals disappeared because of changes in the climate, but hunting by early humans also played a role.