1. The Civil Rights Movement
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2. Civil Rights Movement
By interpreting its powers broadly, the Supreme Court can reshape American society.
African Americans, working through the court system and mass protest, reshaped public opinion and secured the passage of civil rights.

3. Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court decision that segregated schools are unequal and must desegregate
Included Virginia case
Prince Edward County
Davis vs. County School Board

4. Key People Thurgood Marshall: Oliver Hill: NAACP Legal Defense Team
NAACP Legal Defense Team in Virginia

5. Virginia Response Massive Resistance: Closing some schools
Establishment of private academies
White flight from urban school systems

6. Responses in Other States
Arkansas
The “Little Rock Nine”
Little Rock Public Schools
National Guard sent in by President Eisenhower
Mississippi
University of Mississippi
President Kennedy used US Marshals to enroll James Meredith, first Black Student to the university

7. Responses in Other States
Alabama
Governor George Wallace “blocked” door
Did not want two Black students to register at the University of Alabama
“Stand in the Schoolhouse Door”
Symbolic attempt to keep his promise of "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"

8. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Started by W.E.B Dubois at the Niagara Movement in 1909
Challenged segregation in the courts

9. 1963 March on Washington
Participants were inspired by the “I Have a Dream” speech given by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
The march helped influence public opinion to support civil rights legislation
The march demonstrated the power of nonviolent, mass protest

10. 1963 March on Washington

11. 1963 March on Washington

12. Civil Rights Act of 1964
The act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin.
desegregated public accommodations ONLY
President Lyndon B. Johnson played an important role in the passage of the act

13. Voting Rights Act of 1965 The act outlawed literacy tests
Federal registrars were sent to the South to register voters
Resulted in increase in African American voters
President Johnson played an important role