1. Humanıstıc / Exıstentıal Theorıes Maslow: holıstıc-dynamıc theory
Assist. Prof. Merve Topcu
PSY335
Department of Psychology, Çankaya University
, Fall

2. Holıstıc-Dynamıc Theory
Assumptions
the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another
people have the potential to grow toward psychological health, that is, self-actualization
Maslow believed that humans have a higher nature than either psychoanalysis or behaviorism would suggest
Third force in psychology

3. Role of motıvatıon holistic approach to motivation basic assumptions
whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated
motivation is usually complex
the motivation for a behavior may be unconscious or unknown to the person
people are continually motivated by one need or another
when one need is satisfied, it ordinarily loses its motivational power and is then replaced by another need
all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs
the manner changes
needs can be arranged on a hierarchy

4. Hıerarchy of Needs Hierarchy of conative needs
lower level needs must be satisfied
The more a lower level need is satisfied, the greater the emergence of the next level need.
Physiological needs differ from other needs in
at least two important respects:
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love & belongingness
Safety
Physiological needs
they are the only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied
their recurring nature of physiological needs

5. Hıerarchy of Needs
Safety needs, including physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disasters
Spending more enrgy than necessary called basic anxiety
Love and belongingness needs, such as the desire for friendship; the wish for a mate and children; the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation
Experience love & feeling being loved
Coping w/ rejection easily
Having never been experienced love & belongingness
Learn to devalue love
Receiving love & belongingness in small doses
strongly motivated to seek affection and acceptance

6. Hıerarchy of Needs
Esteem needs, which include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem
Two levels of esteem needs:
Reputation
The perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame
Based on others’ opinions
Self-esteem
Person's own feelings of worth and confidence
"desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom"

7. Hıerarchy of Needs
Self-actualization needs include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one's potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word
Once esteem needs are met, they do not always move to the level of self-actualization
B-values
Highly respect such values as truth, beauty, justice
Express their basic human needs and do not allow them to be suppressed by culture

8. Hıerarchy of Needs Maslow identified three other categories of needs
Aesthetic
not universal
motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences
Cognitive
a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
When cognitive needs are blocked, all needs on Maslow's hierarchy are threatened
healthy people desire to know more, to theorize, to test hypotheses, to uncover mysteries, or to find out how something works just for the satisfaction of knowing
If not satisfied, become pathological
a pathology that takes the form of skepticism, disillusionment, and cynicism
Neurotic
neurotic needs lead only to stagnation and pathology
Reactive
serve as compensation for unsatisfied basic needs

9. Hıerarchy of Needs
a person may be simultaneously motivated by needs from two or more levels
be the honorary guest at a dinner given by close friends in a peaceful restaurant
Reversed Order of Needs
Reversals are usually more apparent than real
unconscious motivation underlying the behavior
Some behavior is not caused by needs but by other factors such as conditioned reflexes, maturation, or drugs
"expressive behavior" is unmotivated
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon (2012)

10. Expressıve and Copıng Behavıor
Expressive behavior
usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within the person rather than by the environment
often unmotivated
often an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be
frequently unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little effort
behavior includes such actions as slouching, looking stupid, being relaxed, showing anger, and expressing joy
include one's gait, gestures, voice, and smile or art, play, enjoyment, appreciation, wonder, awe, and excitement
Coping behavior
Conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment
motivated and aimed at satisfying a need

11. Deprıvatıon of Needs
Lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs leads to some kind of pathology
Deprivation of physiological needs results in malnutrition, fatigue, loss of energy, obsession with sex
Deprivation of safety needs leads to fear, insecurity, and dread
Deprivation of love needs causes person becoming defensive, overly aggressive, or socially timid
Deprivation of esteem results in the illnesses of self-doubt, self-depreciation, and lack of confidence
Deprivation of self-actualization needs leads to metapathology
Maslow (1967) defined metapathology as the absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life

12. Instınctoıd Nature of Needs
some human needs are innately determined
E.g., Sex is a basic physiological need, but the manner in which it is expressed depends on learning
The level of pathology upon frustration
Persistent and their satisfaction leads to psychological health
Species-specific
Human motivation vs animal motivation
be molded, inhibited, or altered by environmental influences
can be changed and even destroyed by the more powerful forces of civilization

13. Higher level needs (love, esteem, and self-actualization)
Lower level needs (physiological and safety).
later on the phylogenetic or evolutionary
scale
Earlier
appear later during the course of individual development
must be cared for in infants and children before higher level needs become operative
produce more happiness and more peak experiences
produce a degree of hedonistic pleasure. Temporary
More subjectively desirable. Low motivation to go back lower stages
Higher motivation

14. Self-actualızatıon «Good Human Being»
Initial criteria, valuing privacy too much
They were free from psychopathology
Self-actualizing people had progressed through the hierarchy of needs
embracing of the B-values
Fullfill needs to grow, to develop, and to increasingly become what they were capable of becoming
‘Self-actualization’ means to become everything that one can become, to actualize or fulfill all of one's potentials.
When people can accomplish this goal, they become more unique, more heterogeneous, and less shaped by a given culture

15. Beıng Values

16. B - values
Q: Why some people have their lower needs satisfied, are capable of giving and receiving love, possess a great amount of confidence and self- esteem, and yet fail to pass over the threshold to self-actualization
Self-actualizing people are motivated by the ‘eternal verities’ what he called B-values
Metaneeds, the ultimate level of needs
When not met, existential illness occurs
Deprivation of any of the B-values results in metapathology
the lack of a meaningful philosophy of life
Metamotivation, distinguished from ordinary need motivation
expressive rather than coping behavior
14 B-values: truth, goodness, beauty, wholeness or the transcendence of dichotomies, aliveness or spontaneity, uniqueness, perfection, completion, justice and order, simplicity, richness or totality, effortlessness, playfulness or humor, and self-suficiency or autonomy

17. Characterıstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
More Efficient Perception of Reality
Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature
Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness
Problem-Centering
The Need for Privacy
Autonomy
Continued Freshness of Appreciation
The Peak Experience
Gemeinschaftsgefiihl
Pro found Interpersonal Relations
The Democratic Character Structure
Discrimination Between Means and Ends
Philosophical Sense of Humor
Creativeness
Resistance to Enculturation
Characterıstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People

18. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Maslow believed that all humans have the potential for self- actualization
To be self-actualizing, people must be regularly satisfied in their other needs and must also embrace the B-values
15 tentative qualities that characterize self-actualizing people to at least some degree

19. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
More Efficient Perception of Reality
easily detect phoniness in others
discriminate between the genuine and the fake
can see both positive and negative underlying traits in others
perceive ultimate values more clearly
are less prejudiced
less likely to see the world as they wish it to be
less afraid and more comfortable with the unknown
greater tolerance of ambiguity
welcome doubt, uncertainty, indefiniteness, and uncharted paths
CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People

20. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature
Self-actualizing people can accept themselves the way they are
lack defensiveness, phoniness, and self-defeating guilt
not overly critical of their own shortcomings
accept others and have no compulsive need to instruct, inform, or convert
realize that people suffer, grow old, and die

21. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness
are spontaneous, simple, and natural
highly ethical but may appear unethical or nonconforming
The similarity between self-actualizing people and children and animals
live simple
not afraid or ashamed to express joy, awe, elation, sorrow, anger, or other deeply felt emotions

22. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Problem-Centering
interest in problems outside themselves
Task-oriented and concerned with problems outside
This interest allows selfactualizers to develop a mission in life
Their occupation is not merely a means to earning a living but a vocation, a calling, an end in itself
concerned with eternal problems

23. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
The Need for Privacy
be alone without being lonely
feel relaxed and comfortable when they are either with people or alone
can find enjoyment in solitude and privacy
little energy attempting to impress others or trying to gain love and acceptance
Have more ability to make responsible choices

24. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Autonomy
autonomous and depend on themselves
the confidence that one is loved and accepted without conditions or qualifications can be a powerful force in contributing to feelings of self- worth
Once that confidence is attained, a person no longer depends on others for self-esteem
independence gives them an inner peace and serenity not enjoyed by those who live for the approval of others.

25. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Continued Freshness of Appreciation
"self-actualizing people have the wonderful capacity to appreciate again and again, freshly and naively, the basic goods of life, with awe, pleasure, wonder, and even ecstasy«
are keenly aware of their good physical health, friends and loved ones, economic security, and political freedom
not waste time complaining about a boring, uninteresting existence
"retain their constant sense of good fortune and gratitude for it"

26. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
The Peak Experience
Experiences that were mystical in nature and that somehow gave them a feeling of transcendence
report a sort of transcendence, a loss of self, or a feeling of being separated from their body
these experiences cannot be brought on by an act of the will; occur at unexpected, quite ordinary moments
people having a peak experience see the whole universe as unified or all in one piece
see clearly their place in that universe
during this mystical time, peakers feel both more humble and more powerful at the same time
Peakers experience a loss of fear, anxiety, and conflict and become more loving, accepting, and spontaneous
Peak experience often has a lasting effect on a person's life

27. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Gemeinschaftsgefiihl
Adler's term for social interest, community feeling, or a sense of oneness with all humanity
had a kind of caring attitude toward other people
may become angry, impatient, or disgusted with others; but they retain a feeling of affection for human beings in general
self-actualizing people are "often saddened, exasperated, and even enraged by the shortcomings of the average person«, but nevertheless, they continue to feel a basic kinship with that person

28. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Profound Interpersonal Relations
a special quality of interpersonal relations that involves deep and profound feelings for individuals
close friendships are limited to only a few
tend to choose healthy people as friends and avoid intimate interpersonal relationships with dependent or infantile people
their social interest allows them to have a special feeling of empathy for these less healthy persons
preferring instead relationships that were mutual rather than one-sided

29. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
The Democratic Character Structure
be friendly and considerate with other people regardless of class, color, age, or gender
seemed to be quite unaware of superficial differences among people
have a desire and an ability to learn from anyone
recognize how little they know in relation to what they could know
not passively accept evil behavior in others

30. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Discrimination Between Means and Ends
have a clear sense of right and wrong conduct and have little conflict about basic values
set their sights on ends rather than means and have an unusual ability to distinguish between the two
"they can often enjoy for its own sake the getting to some place as well as the arriving. It is occasionally possible for them to make out of the most trivial and routine activity an intrinsically enjoyable game"

31. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Philosophical Sense of Humor
The laugh is usually at someone else's expense
The humor of a self-actualizing person is intrinsic to the situation rather than contrived; it is spontaneous rather than planned
Situation-dependent
One must "be there" to appreciate it

32. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Creativeness
Maslow suggested that creativity and self-actualization may be one and the same
Are creative in their own way
have a keen perception of truth, beauty, and reality ingredients that form the foundation of true creativity

33. CharacterIstıcs of Self-Actualızıng People
Resistance to Enculturation
have a sense of detachment from their surroundings and are able to transcend a particular culture
are neither antisocial nor consciously nonconforming
they are autonomous, following their own standards of conduct and not blindly obeying the rules of others
not waste energy fighting against insignificant customs and regulations of society
For this reason, these healthy people are more individualized and less homogenized than others

34. The jonah complex
Everyone is born with a will toward health, a tendency to grow toward self-actualization, but few people reach it
Growth toward normal, healthy personality can be blocked at each of the steps in the hierarchy of needs
the Jonah complex, the fear of being one's best
characterized by attempts to run away from one's destiny
is found in nearly everyone
represents a fear of success
a fear of being one's best
a feeling of awesomeness in the presence of beauty and perfection

35. The jonah complex
Why do people run away from greatness and self-fulfillment?
the human body is simply not strong enough to endure the ecstasy of fulfillment for any length of time, just as peak experiences and sexual orgasms would be overly taxing if they lasted too long
"This is too much" or "I can't stand it anymore.«
Most people have private ambition to be great, but when they compare themselves with those who have accomplished greatness, they are appalled by their own arrogance:
"Who am I to think I could do as well as this great person?‘
a defense against grandiosity or "sinful pride«
Adopt the self-defeating approach of running away from the realization of their full potentials

36. Love, Sex, and Self-Actualızatıon
Love and belongingness needs are prerequisites for self-actualiation
deficiency love (D - love)
B-love, love for the essence or "Being" of the other
mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover
Sex between two B-lovers often becomes a kind of mystical experience
the spirit of playfulness and humor
playfulness and humor are B-values

37. Phılosophy of Scıence
Value-free science does not lead to the proper study of human personality
Psychological science should place more emphasis on the study of the individual and less on the study of large groups
Desacralization
the type of science that lacks emotion, joy, wonder, awe, and rapture
Scientists must be willing to resacralize science or to instill it with human values, emotion, and ritual
Taoistic attitude for psychology
one that would be noninterfering, passive, and receptive
Psychologists must themselves be healthy people, able to tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty

38. Measurıng Self-Actualızatıon
Personal Orientation Inventory
measure the values and behaviors of self-actualizing people
2 major scales and 10 subscales w/ 150 forced-choice items
the Time Competence / Time Incompetence scale
measures the degree to which people are present oriented
the Support scale
Measure whether an individual's mode of reaction is characteristically 'self' oriented or 'other' oriented
The 10 subscales
Self-actualization values
flexibility in applying values
sensitivity to one's own needs and feelings
spontaneity in expressing feelings behaviorally
Self-regard
Self-acceptance
Positive view of humanity
Ability to see opposites of life as meaningfully related
Acceptance of aggression
Capacity for intimate contact

39. Psychotherapy
The aim of therapy would be for clients to embrace the Being values
clients must be free from their dependency on others so that their natural impulse toward growth and self-actualization could become active
The goals of psychology follow from the client's position on the hierarchy of needs
Through a warm, loving, interpersonal relationship with the therapist, the client gains satisfaction of love and belongingness needs and thereby acquires feelings of confidence and self-worth