1. Tactics Tactics are the techniques of fighting on a battlefield.
Throughout the period , tactics evolved in response
to new and improved weapon design.

2. Jomini: Understanding the genius of Napoleon

3. Baron de Jomini In the Art of War:
Napoleon had concentrated his forces at the decisive point and had sought to destroy his enemies’ army and lines of communication
Planning was essential and needed to be done from accurate maps
The attack was essential for victory, Napoleon had always been on the ‘offensive’
There are ‘principles’ that can be applied in war; such as planning, concentration, initiative…

4. What were the advantages and disadvantages of the column attack?
A loose skirmish line.
How did commanders retain
control when formations
became more dispersed?

5. Planning and alliances

6. What role did alliances play between 1866 and 1905?
From , the Europeans were acute rivals.
To improve the chances of success in war,
coalitions and alliances were formed.
Diplomacy was used to isolate opponents.
Revolutionary and Napoleonic
France was unable to overcome the
combined might of the other Europeans.
In the period , the
priority was the containment
of France to prevent another
Bonaparte dominating Europe.
However, Napoleon III did try to
resurrect his uncle’s legacy and fought
Russia, Austria and Germany between
1854 and 1870
What role did alliances play between 1866 and 1905?

7. Explain the German War Plan, and why it was
Europeans developed means for rapid mobilisation
to gain for themselves a distinct advantage
in any war. They universally hoped for a short, victorious war
that would avoid cost and hardship.
An increase in tension between the powers,
meant that detailed planning and alliances were of
critical importance.
Mobilisation
Timetable
Explain the German War Plan,
and why it was
considered necessary to invade
a neutral state like Belgium
Paris

8. ingredients of its success?
What tactic from the second World War is being illustrated here and who developed it?
How effective was it?
What were the main
ingredients of its success?

9. Organisation of the state for war
The apparatus of the state had always included the production of munitions, the pay, equipment and monopoly of control of armies, but industrialisation meant the greater involvement of civilians and private businesses in a far more sophisticated era of warfare.

10. What kind of industrial developments meant that civilians
The organisation of the state meant the raising of armies.
How did states balance the need for armies
with the costs of maintaining them?
What kind of industrial developments
meant that civilians
would be drawn into the war effort
of their country?
Use examples from across the period to illustrate.

11. Army Reforms after the Napoleonic Wars
Small professional armies, living away from civilians in barracks, would not be prey to revolutionary sympathies. It also avoided the risk of arming most of the citizenry in mass armies, thus creating a potentially revolutionary force.
In France, legions were created and they served in different provinces from where they were enlisted. This meant they would be more likely to crush insurrection.
What further reforms were made during
The nineteenth century?

12. The Media and Public Opinion

13. Napoleon had been careful to groom the media.
What was the effect of this?
William Russell’s Crimean despatches marked a change
in the way the public heard about war.
What was the impact of this change?
How did governments subsequently seek to harness
the media in their own propaganda?
What other propaganda methods did governments use?

14. What measures were employed to generate support for
the war effort in the First and Second World Wars?
List examples of success and failure in these measures.