1. Basic Wireless Concepts and Configuration Part I
Chapter 7
Basic Wireless Concepts and Configuration Part I

2. Note for Instructors
These presentations are the result of a collaboration among the instructors at St. Clair College in Windsor, Ontario.
Thanks must go out to Rick Graziani of Cabrillo College. His material and additional information was used as a reference in their creation.
If anyone finds any errors or omissions, please let me know at:

3. Basic Wireless Concepts and Configuration
The Wireless LAN

4. Why Use Wireless?
Business networks today are evolving to support people who are on the move.
Productivity is no longer restricted to a fixed work location or a defined time period.
People now expect to be connected at any time and place, from the office to the airport or even the home.
Now employees can check , voice mail, and the status of products on personal digital assistants (PDAs) while at many temporary locations.
At home, the method of accessing the Internet has quickly moved from temporary modem dialup service to dedicated DSL or cable service.

5. Why Use Wireless?
Early communication relied on face-to-face conversations.
The telephone was used for voice and the post office delivered most of the written communications.
Video communication was one-way using the television.

6. Why Use Wireless?
Early networks were limited to character based information.
Communications between computers was not easy and required a host (no pun intended) of resources to accomplish the simplest data transfer.

7. Why Use Wireless? Silver and Diamond Cell Phone $1.3Million
Today’s networks carry multiple types of information through many types of devices - SIMULTANEOUSLY.
People expect immediate response wherever they are located.
Wind Energy Cell Phone Charger

8. Introducing Inter-VLAN Routing
In addition to the flexibility that WLANs offer, another important benefit is reduced costs.
Moving persons within a building with a wireless infrastructure.
Moving into a new building with no wired infrastructure.
Wired Network
Wireless Network
Component
Qty
Cost
Total
Switches, cabinets, etc.
167
3,350
559,450 25
4,404
110,100
Cabling
7,500 45
337,500
430 75
61,920
Network Adapters
2,500 57
142,500 77
192,500
Wireless Access Points
250
1,034
258,500
POE Adapters 40 67
2,680
1,039,450
364,520
Note: Values are estimates and do not reflect actual pricing.

9. Wireless LANs
Most current business networks rely on switch-based LANs for day-to-day operation inside the office.
Workers are becoming more mobile and want to maintain access to their business LAN resources from locations other than their desks.

10. Wireless LANs
The Wireless LAN, then, is an extension of the Ethernet LAN.

11. Comparing a WLAN to a LAN
Network Architecture Standards
Physical Media

12. Comparing a WLAN to a LAN
Wireless NICs tend to reduce battery life.
CSMA/CA
(Avoidance) instead of CSMA/CD
Wireless Access Points (AP) instead of a switch.
Different Frame Format
Privacy Issues

13. Wireless LAN Components
Additional components and protocols are used for wireless connections to extend the Ethernet LAN.
Client with Wireless NIC
Wireless Access Point (AP)

14. Wireless LAN Standards
An IEEE standard that defines how radio frequency (RF) in the unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands is used for the Physical layer and the MAC sub-layer of wireless links.
Typically, the choice of which standard to use is based on data rate.
Final ratification expected in November, 2009

15. Wireless LAN Standards
Data Rates are affected by modulation technique:
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS):
Simpler of the two methods.
Less expensive to implement.
802.11b and g.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):
Faster data rates than DSSS.
802.11a, g, n.

16. Wireless LAN Standards
802.11a Standard:
OFDM modulation and uses the 5 GHz band.
Less likely to experience interference than devices that operate in the 2.4 GHz band because there are fewer consumer devices that use the 5 GHz band.

17. Wireless LAN Standards
802.11a Standard:
Disadvantages to using the 5GHz band.
More easily absorbed by walls (obstructions).
Slightly poorer range than g.
Some countries prohibit use.

18. Wireless LAN Standards
802.11b and g Standard:
Both use the 2.4 GHz band.
802.11b: Up to 11 Mb/s using DSSS.
802.11g: Up to 54 Mb/s using OFDM.
Backward compatible.

19. Wireless LAN Standards
2.4 GHz band:
Advantage:
Better range than the 5GHz band since devices are not as easily obstructed.
Disadvantage:
Many other devices use this band so it is prone to interference (microwave ovens, baby monitors, Bluetooth, cordless phones).

20. Wireless LAN Standards
802.11n: (November 2009)
Intended to improve WLAN data rates and range without requiring additional power or RF band allocation.
Uses multiple radios and antennae at endpoints, each broadcasting on the same frequency to establish multiple streams.
Multiple Input / Multiple Output (MIMO) and OFDM.
Theoretical maximum of 248 Mb/s.

21. WI-FI Certification Wi-Fi Alliance: March, 2000.
A global, nonprofit, industry trade association devoted to promoting the growth and acceptance of WLANs.
The Wi-Fi Alliance’s testing and certification programs help ensure the interoperability of WLAN products based on the IEEE specification.
More than 4,000 products certified.

22. WI-FI Certification
Three key organizations that influence WLAN standards:
International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R):
Regulates the allocation of the RF spectrum.
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE):
Specifies how RF is modulated to carry the information. (802.3 Ethernet, Wireless LAN).
Wi-Fi Alliance:
Ensures that devices are inter-operable.

23. Wireless Infrastructure Components
Wireless NICs:
The device that makes a client station capable of sending and receiving RF signals is the wireless NIC.
Like an Ethernet NIC, the wireless NIC, using the modulation technique it is configured to use, encodes a data stream onto an RF signal.
Wireless NICs are most often associated with mobile devices, such as laptop computers.

24. Wireless Infrastructure Components
Wireless Access Points:
An access point is a Layer 2 device that functions like an Ethernet hub.
Connects wireless clients (or stations) to the wired LAN.
Client devices communicate with the AP – not each other.
Converts the TCP/IP data packets from their frame encapsulation to the Ethernet frame format.
Clients must associate with an access point to obtain network services.
Association:
The process by which a client joins an network. It is similar to plugging into a wired LAN.

25. Wireless Infrastructure Components
CSMA/CA:
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance.
This simply means that devices on a WLAN must sense the medium for energy (RF stimulation above a certain threshold) and wait until the medium is free before sending.
If an access point receives data from a client station, it sends an acknowledgement to the client that the data has been received.
This acknowledgement keeps the client from assuming that a collision occurred and prevents a data retransmission by the client.

26. Wireless Infrastructure Components
CSMA/CA:
RF signals attenuate.
That means that they lose their energy as they move away from their point of origin.
Hidden Node/Station Problem:
Two client stations that both connect to the access point, but are at opposite sides of its reach.
If they are at the maximum range to reach the access point, they will not be able to reach each other.
Neither of those stations sense the other on the medium, and they may end up transmitting simultaneously.

27. Wireless Infrastructure Components
Remember, stations actually communicate through the Access Point. The access point has a single channel for all traffic.
CSMA/CA:
One means of resolving the hidden node problem is a feature called request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS).
When RTS/CTS is enabled in a network, access points allocate the medium to the requesting station for as long as is required to complete the transmission.
When the transmission is complete, other stations can request the channel in a similar fashion.

28. Wireless Infrastructure Components
Wireless Routers:
Wireless routers perform the role of access point, Ethernet switch, and router.
The Linksys WRT54GL is most commonly used as a small business or residential wireless access device.
The expected load on the device is low enough that it should be able to manage the provision of WLAN, Ethernet, and connect to an ISP.

29. Wireless Operation Configurable Wireless Parameters:
802.11g is backward compatible with b.
Mixed mode supports both.

30. Wireless Operation Configurable Wireless Parameters:
Several access points can share an SSID.
A shared service set identifier (SSID) is a unique identifier that client devices use to distinguish between multiple wireless networks in the same vicinity.
Alphanumeric, case-sensitive, from 2 to 32 characters.

31. Each arc represents 1 channel.
Wireless Operation
Configurable Wireless Parameters:
5 MHz overlap
The IEEE standard establishes the channelization scheme for the use of the unlicensed ISM RF bands in WLANs. The 2.4 GHz band is broken down into 11 channels for North America and 13 channels for Europe.
3 Access Points
Many access points can automatically select a channel based on adjacent channel use. Some products continuously monitor the radio space to adjust the channel settings dynamically in response to environmental changes.
Each arc represents 1 channel.
Best practices for WLANs that require multiple access points are set to use non-overlapping channels.

32. Wireless Topologies WLANs can accommodate various network topologies.
When describing these topologies, the fundamental building block of the IEEE WLAN architecture is the basic service set (BSS).
BSS:
A group of stations that communicate with each other.
Three Types:
Ad Hoc (Independent Basic Service Set – IBSS)
Basic Service Set (BSS)
Extended Service Set (ESS)

33. Wireless Topologies Ad Hoc:
Wireless networks can operate without access points.
Client stations which are configured to operate in ad hoc mode configure the wireless parameters between themselves.

34. Wireless Topologies Basic Service Sets (BSS):
Access points provide an infrastructure that adds services and improves the range for clients.
A single access point in infrastructure mode manages the wireless parameters and the topology is simply a BSS.
The coverage area for both an IBSS or a BSS is the basic service area (BSA).
Basic Service Area

35. Different MAC Addresses
Wireless Topologies
Extended Service Sets (ESS):
When a single BSS provides insufficient RF coverage, one or more can be joined through a common distribution system into an extended service set (ESS).
One BSS is differentiated from another by the BSS identifier (BSSID).
The MAC address of the access point.
The coverage area is the extended service area (ESA).
Different MAC Addresses
= different BSSIDs.

36. Wireless Topologies Common Distribution System:
Allows multiple access points in an ESS to appear to be a single BSS.
An ESS generally includes a common SSID to allow a user to roam from access point to access point.
Cells represent the coverage area provided by a single channel.
An ESS should have 10 to 15 percent overlap between cells.
Roaming capability created by using non-overlapping channels (e.g. one cell on channel 1 and the other on channel 6).

37. Wireless Association
Key part of the process is discovering a WLAN and connecting to it.
The primary components:
Beacons: Frames used by the WLAN network to advertise its presence.
Probes: Frames used by WLAN clients to find their networks.
Authentication: Left over from the original standard, but still required.
Association: Establishing the data link between an access point and a WLAN client.

38. Wireless Association Beacons:
Frames used by the WLAN network to advertise its presence.
The only part of the process that may be broadcast on a regular basis. Not necessarily enabled.

39. Wireless Association
Before an client can send data over a WLAN network, it goes through the following three-stage process:
Step 1: Probing.
Step 2: Authentication.
Step 3: Association.

40. Wireless Association Step 1: 802.11 Probing
Clients search for a specific network by:
Sending a probe request out on multiple channels.
Specifies the network name (SSID) and bit rates.
A typical WLAN client is configured with a desired SSID.
Client is simply trying to discover available WLANs:
Sends out a probe request with no SSID.
All access points that are configured to respond to this type of query respond.
WLANs with the broadcast SSID feature disabled do not respond.

41. Wireless Association Step 2: Authentication
was originally developed with two authentication mechanisms.
Open Authentication:
A NULL authentication
The client says "authenticate me“.
The access point responds with "yes“.
This is the mechanism used in almost all deployments.

42. Wireless Association Step 2: Authentication
was originally developed with two authentication mechanisms.
Shared Key Authentication:
Based on a key that is shared between the client station and the access point called the Wired Equivalency Protection (WEP) key.
The idea of the shared WEP key is that it gives a wireless link the equivalent privacy of a wired link, but the original implementation was flawed.
WEP needs to be included in client and access point implementations for standards compliance but it is not used or recommended.

43. Wireless Association Step 3: 802.11 Association
Finalizes the security and bit rate options.
Establishes the data link between the WLAN client and the access point.
The client learns the BSSID (MAC Address) of the access point.
Access point maps a logical port known as the association identifier (AID) to the WLAN client.
AID is equivalent to a port on a switch.
Association allows the infrastructure switch to keep track of frames destined for the WLAN client so that they can be forwarded.

44. Wireless Association

45. Planning the Wireless LAN
There needs to be a well-documented plan before a wireless network can be implemented.
Number of Users:
Not a straightforward calculation.
Depends on the geographical layout of your facility (how many bodies and devices fit in a space),
Data Rates:
RF is a shared medium and the more users there are the greater the contention for RF.
Use non-overlapping channels in an ESS.
You will have sufficient wireless support for your clients if you plan your network for proper RF coverage in an ESS.

46. Planning the Wireless LAN
Location of Access Points:
You may not be able to simply draw coverage area circles and drop them over a plan.
Do access points use existing wiring?
Position access points:
Above obstructions.
Vertically near the ceiling in the center of each coverage area, if possible.
In locations where users are expected to work. For example, conference rooms are typically a better location for access points than a hallway.

47. Planning the Wireless LAN
Coverage Area of Access Points:
Estimate the expected coverage area of an access point.
This value varies depending on:
The WLAN standard or mix of standards that you are deploying.
The nature of the facility.
The transmit power that the access point.
Based on your plan, place access points on the floor plan so that coverage circles are overlapping.

48. Planning the Wireless LAN
Can be achieved with a coverage area of 5,000 Sq. Ft. (465 Sq. Meters)
Number of Access Points
20,000 Sq. Ft.
(1860 Sq. Meters)
Minimum of 6 Mbps b throughput for each Basic Service Area (BSA)
20,000 Sq. Ft. with a coverage of 5,000 Sq. Ft. results in 4 Access Points.

49. Planning the Wireless LAN
Dimension of Coverage Area
50 foot (15 Meter) Radius
71 foot (22 Meter) Square

50. Planning the Wireless LAN
Location of Access Points