1. GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS ECV 5406 NAME : SHARINA BINTI SULAIMAN MATRIK. NO : GS69364

2. The hydrologic cycle may describes the continuous movement of water above, on, and below the surface of the earth. Ground water and surfaces water contained in the hydrological system are closely interrelated. The studies examines the processes of ground water flow generation and estimation of ground water discharge including ground water discharge to rivers In ground water basin, it is common to identify several aquifers separated either by less permeable or impermeable layers Fig. 1 : Ground water is the second smallest of the four main pools of water on Earth, and river flow to the oceans is one of the smallest fluxes, yet ground water and surface water are the components of the hydrologic system that humans use most

3. Lithostratrigraphy : Subdivision of rock successions into units on the basis of lithology rock type and the standard units such as; supergroup, group, formation, member and bed. Groundwater flow patterns : Thus, to understand the nature of groundwater flow, we must understand the origin of pressure in groundwater. Groundwater flow is influenced by topography, but in fractured and dipping sedimentary rocks, it is also influenced by structure Groundwater flow has two major physical properties: a. Hydraulic conductivity ; the rate at which water flows through porous media (soil and porous or fractured rock) b. Specific yield; water storage in the groundwater Groundwater flow in low matrix-permeability carbonate rocks is largely controlled by fracture networks.

4. Slope development-The forms of slopes develop through time and the factors (rock structure, lithology, soil, climate, vegetation and human activities). There are few models of slope development or slope evolution such as Slope decline, Slope replacement and Slope parallel retreat The presence of joints, cracks and bedding planes can allow increased water content and so lead to sliding Groundwater Recharge define as groundwater flow follows hydraulic gradient: total depth decrease with depth, thus there is a downward component to the groundwater flow. Natural groundwater recharge accounts for : Component of hydrological cycle (Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, recharge and base flow). Heterogeneity of geological structures, local vegetation and weather condition. There is a significant increase in the chemical and physical degradation of certain rocks due to the presence of groundwater flow. This increase is particularly marked in argillaceous and closely fractured and jointed rocks and where the water is oxygen-rich.. For example. volcanic tuffs and lavas which contain a high amount of chlorotic minerals have caused slope stability problems at a large open-pit at Westfield, Scotland.

5. Hydrogeomorphic calssification : may describes the hydrology and geomorphic setting of a wetland as ; riverine, flat or non-riverine, tidal Hyporeic zone : a region between groundwater and surfaces water. Defines as portion of the groundwater interface streams where mixture of surface and groundwater is found and occurs beneath the active channel and within the riparian zone Hyporheic – the directional exchange of water mixes water and solutes from surface and subsurface environments. An emprical perspective from hydrologists recognizes a hyporeic zone as the subsurface zone receiving at lets 10% of water input from the stream (>10% channel water) Key component of influeces of hyporeic zones  Interface of groundwater and channel water  Associated gradients in biogeochemical variables (ph, redox, microbial populations, organic content, light, temperature) fig triska  Groundwater habitat of stream ecosystem  Metabolically active, impacts nutrients cycling, which impact stream ecology  Upweiling waters bring groundwater nutriens to stream channel

6.  ZONE OF SATURATION  Groundwater in the saturated zone is important as it is less polluted and has no effects of evatranspiration  The sensitivity of this zone depends on the depth of the water table  This responds to climate change by showing changes in its amount, quality and flow of water depending on its trends of precipitation, evatranspiration, recharge and discharge ZONE OF AERATION Vadose zone Increase of surface temperature, groundwater temperature will increase. And will affect pore water chemistry, residence time and thus the water composition Will increase in recharge rate (mobilizing the contaminants into greater depths) Climate changes effect to groundwater : GW level will drawdown, mobilization of endogenic contaminant, sea salt water intrusion to groundwater storage, infiltration from agricultural. GW recourses related to climate changes through the direct interaction with surface water resources and indirectly to the recharge process and is directly affected by changes of volume and distribution of GW recharge (precipitation and evapotranspiration). GW occurrence may divided to two zone ; 1) aeration 2) saturation

7. Confined and unconfined will show alterations in some their properties during climate change. In severe dry periods the properties of aquifer may alter such as transmissivity and storativity In dry periods the Conductive channel ; fractures and fissures may staturated, pressure pulse of water will be transmit slowly Wet season ; fractured full saturated and transmit pressure pulse rapidly.